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Unit 2

Terms in this set (32)

Both genes and environment are necessary for a person to exist, they operate together
do genes and environment function separately when it comes to prenatal development
Germinal Period; first 2 weeks of development
Embryonic Period; 2-8 weeks after conception
Fetal Period; begins 2 months after conception and lasts for 7 months
what are the 3 periods of physical development and when do they occur
Endoderm; inner layer of cells, produces internal body parts
Mesoderm; middle layer of cells, circulatory,bone,muscle,etc
Ectoderm; outer layer of cells; nervous system,receptors,skin
what are the 3 layers of the embryo
light, day length, nutrition and behaviour
what are some environmental events that can affect the flow of hormones
the passing on of physical and mental characteristics genetically
define heredity
the study of heredity
define genetics
a unit of heredity that is transferred from parent to child
define genes
23 pairs, in each pair one comes from the mother and one comes from the father
how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have
22 pairs of the chromosomes are the same in both men and women
what are autosomes
the 23rd pair, primary factor in determining the sex of the child (XX - female. XY - male)
what are sex chromosomes
the father determines the sex because the sperm either carries an X or Y chromosome, the mothers only have an X chromosome
which parent determines the sex and why
the alteration of an organisms genetic instructions through the insertion of additional genes
what is genetic engineering
amniocentesis; sample of amniotic fluid is taken by syringe and tested for disorders

ultrasound sonography; sound waves are directed into the stomach, the echo created a visual representation

chorionic villus; small sample of the placenta is removed

maternal blood test; only done when at risk to giving birth with defects (done on mom)
4 tests used to test for genetic disorders
do ppl wanna know about genetic defects if they can't be fixed

do parents wanna give birth to someone with a disorder

countries started a policy about disorders and marriage bans to avoid inferior quality babies
ethical and moral issues surrounding genetic engineering
New cases test; how would this work in another situation

Role exchange test; how would you feel if roles were reversed

universal consequences test; what if everyone..
3 moral tests
maternal malnutrition, poverty, teratogens
3 factors that can contribute to low birth weight
mothers age, infections, chronic conditions
conditions that may cause a premature baby
Fetal brain cells are generated at 250000 per min

Cell migration; neurons move from the center of the brain to their appropriate locations

Cell elaboration; axons/dendrites grow and form connections with other cells

myelination; nerve cells are covered with a layer of fat, which increases the speed of info that travels through the nervous system

Nervous system forms a hollow tube on the embryo back, which forms into a mass of neurons
5 steps in the development of the nervous system and brain
Hindbrain; lowest portion, controls motor development

Midbrain; middle portion; relays info to eyes and ears

Forebrain; large portion, plays critical role in thinking and language
3 divisions of the brain and what they are responsible for
extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness
big five dimensions of temperaments
Activity level: movement in the womb leads to moving a lot as a child

Rhythmicity: regular cycle of activity

approach withdrawal: some babies are happy with new situations others withdraw
3 of 9 characteristics that babies differ in their early lives
1. Contractions begin, cervix dilated to 8-10cm
2. baby's head moves through cervix, baby is born
3. placenta, umbilical cord and other membranes are detached (afterbirth)
3 stages of birth
-Leboyer method; newborn upside down,slapped,bright lights,taken away from mother
-Lamaze method; mother copes with pain using breathing,reduces or eliminates use of meds
-Caesarian Section; surgically remove the baby from the uterus (if baby is breech, head too big or other complications)
3 strategies used in childbirth
delivery that happens too fast, disturbs the normal flow of blood and put pressure on the baby's head
define precipitate delivery
insufficient supply of oxygen to the infant, can happen if delivery takes too long
define anoxia
buttocks is the first part to emerge from the body rather than the crown of the baby's head
define breech
health professional who cares for the mother and newborn
what is a midwife
most mothers are repeat cesarean
why has the number of c sections increased
abstinence from drugs/alcohol before pregnancy, abstinence after the first trimester, moderation throughout pregnancy, social support, postnatal care
5 proactive steps to promote healthy baby development
in vitro fertilization (IVF) ; ova removed from ovaries, fertilized in lab then inserted back in uterus

Gamete intrafallopian transfer ; doctor inserts egg and sperm directly into the fallopian tube
2 alternative methods of conception
harmful substances (drugs/radiation) that invade the womb and result in birth defects
what are teratogens
the time at which the fetus is exposed, the dose/frequency of exposure, the fetuses genes can determine whether it will be harmful
3 factors that determine the affect of teratogens on a developing baby
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