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Chapter 2: Psychodynamic/ Psychotherapies

Terms in this set (35)

Who had the most important insights on the unconscious?
-Freud
-Our unconscious brain implies are dream and certain memories that are split from are awareness
What are the two theoretical differences of this type of understanding The unconscious?
(1) our experience and actions are influenced by psychological processes that are not part of our conscious awareness and

(2) these unconscious processes are kept out of awareness in order to avoid psychological pain.
What are Fantasy?
-Psychoanalytic theory holds that people's fantasies play an important role in their psychic functioning and the way in which they relate to external experience, especially their relationships with other people.
What the differences between Psychodynamic and Psychotherapies?
Psychoanalysis: usually refers to a formal, multiple times a week years-long therapy
ex. usually talk therapy is common

Psychodynamic: therapy uses theory and methods of psychoanalysis but briefe and less intensive sessions, ex. interpersonal therapy and person centered therapy
What is primary and secondary processes?
Primary Process: is a raw or primitive form of psychic functioning that begins at birth and continues to operate unconsciously throughout the lifetime. Different feelings and experiences can be condensed together into one image or symbol, feelings can be expressed metaphorically, and the identities of different people can be merged. childhood and adulthood in dreams and fantasy.

Secondary Process: is the style of psychic functioning associated with consciousness. It is logical, sequential, and orderly, and the foundation for rational, reflective thinking.
What is Defenses?
Defense: is viewed as an intrapsychic process that functions to avoid emotional pain by pushing thoughts, wishes, feelings, or fantasies out of awareness.
What is Melanie Kleinian (1975) theory called splitting?
-When an individual attempts to avoid his or her perception of the other as good from being contaminated by negative feelings, he or she may split the representation of the other into two different images.

Ex. Felt that infants to feel safe with their mothers, developed a complex representation of the mother to be desirable and undesirable qualities: one that is all good and another that is all bad tolerate the mixed feelings
What is Transference?
- Freud (1905) began to observe that it was not uncommon for his clients to view him and relate to him in ways that were reminiscent of the way they viewed and related to significant figures in their childhoods—especially their parents.

For example: abuse by mother might think the therapist will harm them
At first, what did Freud believed transference was an impediment to treatment (Freud, 1912/1958)?
-Part of the psychoanalytic process, the client would provided the therapist with an opportunity to help him develop an understanding of how past relationships were influencing the experience of the present in an emotionally immediate way.
What is the One- Versus Two-Person?
-Psychoanalytic schools has been a shift from a one-person psychology to a two-person psychology.

-At the most basic level, a two-person psychology encompasses the reciprocal influences that obtain between two people in interaction, while, in contrast, a one-person psychology deals with what goes on inside a single person conceived of as a more or less closed system.
What is the first modern western system of psychotherapy?
Psychoanalysis
Who are the two founding fathers of cognitive therapy?
-Aaron Beck
-Albert Ellis
-They were originally trained as psychoanalysts, and the seeds of many cognitive-behavioral ideas can be found in psychoanalysis
What is problematic, about cognitive therapy approaches?
Cognitive behavioural therapy doesn't tend to focus on underlying unconscious resistances to change as much as other approaches such as psychoanalytic psychotherapy.
What is the criticism of the Psychoanalysis theories?
-Developed a long time ago, within different time frame
-People often unaware of these changes within mainstream psychoanalysis
-Heavily focus on the cultural biases=quick fix mentality
What is the history of psychoanalytic theory and practice?
-Freud's development of psychoanalytic theory
-He practice was influenced by many cultural and intellectual trends
-dominated European circles in the late 19th and early 20th century

-Influenced through Freud's ongoing engagement with the thinking of numerous mentors, colleagues, and critics whose ideas he built on, critiqued, assimilated, and transformed.

-Freud and Breuer came to believe that hysterical symptoms were the result of sup- pressed emotions that had been cut off at the time of the trauma
What was Freud early approach in psychoanalysis looked like?
-Although Freud's early forays into psychoanalysis used hypnosis to help clients recover lost memories and associated emotions, over time he found this technique to be unreliable.
What was the origin of the psychoanalytic principle of free association?
technique in which clients are encouraged to attempt to suspend their self-critical function and verbalize thoughts, images, associations, and feelings that are on the edge of awareness
What is the seduction Theory?
Freud's seduction theory emphasizes the causative impact of nurture: the shaping of the mind by experience. This theory held that hysteria and obsessional neurosis are caused by repressed memories of infantile sexual abuse. ... But another condition had to be met: There had to be an unconscious memory of the abuse.
What is Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, the pleasure principle?
Is the driving force of the id that seeks immediate gratification of all needs, wants. ... In other words, the pleasure principle strives to fulfill our most basic and primitive urges, including hunger, thirst, anger, and sex
What is the development of the structural theory and Ego Psychology?
-In 1923, Freud published The Ego and the Id and laid out the foundations for what sub- sequently became known as his structural theory.

-Id: is the aspect of the psyche that is instinctually based and present from birth
-Ego: gradu- ally emerges out of the id and functions to represent the concerns of reality

-Superego: is the psychic agency that emerges through the internalization of social values and norms.
Who development of the Object Relation Theory in Britain?
An aspect of the evolution of Freudian psychoanalytic theory, but Melanie Klein had influenced
What is the Object Relation Theory?
Central to object relations theory is the notion of splitting, which can be described as the mental separation of objects into "good" and "bad" parts and the subsequent repression of the "bad," or anxiety-provoking, aspect
Is there a personality theory?
Personality
There is no one psychoanalytic theory of personality.
What is intrapsychic conflict?
The basis of Freud's Conflict Theory. Personality emerges from a conflict between underlying desires & defense mechanisms used to manage desires.
What is John Bowlby's and the model attachment theory?
attachment is an emotional bond with another person. Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life. He suggested that attachment also serves to keep the infant close to the mother, thus improving the child's chances of survival.
kohut's theory of self psychology theory?
According to Kohut's self psychology model, narcissistic psychopathology is a result of parental lack of empathy during development. Consequently, the individual does not develop full capacity to regulate self esteem.
What is the Therapeutic alliance and who coined the term?
-Freud referred to a positive 'unobjectionable' transference which bonds the client to the therapist sufficiently to collaborate in the process of unearthing and overcoming difficult or disturbing material. It wasn't till 1956, however, that the term 'alliance' was coined by the American psychoanalyst Elisabeth Zetze
What is countertransference?
-Fred (1950) When a client expresses emotions onto a client based on his/her unresolved conflicts.
What is intersubjectivity?
As the two-person psychology perspective grows in influence, some analytic thinkers find that conceptualizing the psychotherapy situation in terms of the client's perspective (including transference distortions) and the therapist's perspective (including counter- transference reactions) is incomplete
How did stephen mitchell (1993), Stuart Pizer (1998) and Jessica Benjamin (1990)
viewed intersubjectivity?
stephen Mitchell (1993) it allows the client to gradually learn that human relationships are flexible, and that it is possible to recognize the potential validity of the other person's perspective without feeling demolished or invalidated.

Stuart Pizer (1998) describes the therapy session as an ongoing negotiation about the meaning and substance of reality. example, the client who views the therapist as critical and withholding is defining reality in one possible way.


Jessica Benjamin (1990) argues that this process plays an important role in helping the client to develop the capacity for intersubjectivity—that is, the ability to hold onto one's own experience while at the same time beginning to experience the other as an independent center of subjectivity.
What is the Enactment concept within contemporary psychoanalytic thinking?
Enactment is a recently elaborated psychoanalytic notion, defined as a pattern of nonverbal interactional behavior between the two parties in a therapeutic situation, with unconscious meaning for both. It involves mutual projective identification between therapist and patient.
-Shifted in two person psychology
-Theodore Jacobs (1986)
What is the process of Psychotherapy?
Empathy: The ability to identify with our clients and immerse ourselves in their experience

Interpretation:traditionally been conceptualized as the therapist's attempt to help clients become aware of aspects of their intrapsychic experience and relational patterns that are unconscious

Clarification, support and advice: refraining from providing excessive reassurance or advice, but finding support, reassurance, and advice can play vitally important roles in the change process


Termination: Termination is considered to be one of the most important phases of treatment. A well-handled termination can play a vital role in helping clients consolidate any gains that have been made.
Mechanisms of Psychotherapy
1. Making the Unconscious Conscious
2.Emotional insight
3. Creating meaning and historical reconstruction
4. Increasing and appreciating the limits of agency
5. Containment
6. Rupture and Repair
What is the application of psychotherapy?
1. Who can we help
2. The treatment
3. Evidence
What is the psychotherapy in multicultural world?
-psychoanalysis was originally developed as a form of treatment by and for educated, middle-class Western Europeans suffering from "neurotic" problems in living.
-Being aware the bais and vreating diversity
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