Respiratory Defenses & Microbiota

Nasal Cavity is lined with these two features (Choose correct pair)
a) Mucous membrane & Bowman's Glands
b) Goblet cells and tiny hairs
c) snot & mucous
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Nasal Cavity is lined with these two features (Choose correct pair)
a) Mucous membrane & Bowman's Glands
b) Goblet cells and tiny hairs
c) snot & mucous
a) Mucous membrane and bowman's glands (pg 960)
These cells are located in the respiratory epithelium and secrete a layer of sticky mucous (the viscosity and acidity of these secretion inhibits microbial attachment to the underlying cells).

a) Mucous
b) Goblet cells
c) Surfactant
d) Staph
b) Goblet cells (pg 962)
The beating cilia dislodge and propel the mucus, and any trapped microbes, upward to the epiglottis, where they will be swallowed. They prevent inhaled microorganisms from migrating further into the lower resp tract by via Elimination of microbes by....

a) Mucociliary Escalator Effect
b)Mucous Membrane
c) Immune Defenses
d) MALT
a) Mucociliary escalator effect (pg. 962)
The upper respiratory system is under constant surveillance by...

a) 1st line defenses
b) MALT
c) Mucous Membranes
d) Mucocilary escalator effect
B) MALT (pg 963)
MALT consists of Lymphoid tissue scattered along mucosal linings in the human body and constitutes the most extensive component (T/F)
True
In the upper resp tract MALT is located in the adenoids and tonsils (T/F)
True (pg. 963)
Which immunoglobulin is secreted by mucosal defense?
a) IgD
b)IgE
c)IgG
e)IgA
E) IgA (p 963
What antimicrobial peptide helps protect the upper resp system?
a) Defensin
b) Glycine
c) Tyrosine
d) Histidine
A (pg 963)
Defensin: act against bacteria, fungi and viruses by binding to their membranes and increasing membrane permeability.
Lysozyme and surfactant help to protect the upper resp system (T/F)
True (pg. 963)
What is Lysozyme mechanisms of action? (Bonus)

a) Provides oil barrier protecting hair follicle pores from pathogens
b) Kills bacteria by attacking cell wall
c) Lowers pH to inhibit pathogens
B kills bacteria by attacking cell walls (pg. 751)
*This was not in our readings
What is the LOWER respiratory tract main defense? a)IgA b)MALT c)cilia d) Alveolar macrophagesd) Alveolar macrophages as they efficiently kill any microbes that mange to evade the other defenses (pg. 963)Which anatomical structure would be the primary opening and first section of the respiratory tract? a) Nares & Nasal Cavity b) Trachea & Pharynx c) Eustachian tube & nasopharynx d) Nasolacrimal ductsA) Nares & Nasal Cavity pg. 961Air inhaled through the mouth passes through the nasopharynx (T/F)False it first passes through the oropharynx and then through the laryngopharynx (p. 961)Palatine tonsil consist of lymphoid tissue which are located in the oropharynx (T/F)True pg 961The nasal passages and sinuses are primarily colonized by members of the Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria (T/F)True (pg. 963) HINT: Remember FAPThe most common bacteria in the nasal passages include a) Candida and Lactobacillus b) Rhinoviru, Haemophilus, Inflenza B c) S. epidermis, viridans group streptococci, Corynebacterium (diphtheroids) d) None of these are correct e) All of these are correctB) S. epidermis, viridans group streptococci, Corynebacterium (diphtheroids) (pg 963)The oropharynx is inhabited by Prevetotella, Fusobacterium, Moraxella and Eikenella (with some Candida) (T/F)True (pg. 963)20% of the population asymptomatically carry this in their nostrils... a) Candida b) Streptococcus c) Haemophilus d) Staphlococcus auereus e) All of the above f) None of the aboveD Staph a. (pg. 963)The pharynx can be colonized with these pathogenic strains... a) Streptococcus b) Haemophilius c) Neisseria d) All of the above e) None of the aboveD All of the above (pg. 963)The LOWER respiratory tract is colonized with... a) Pseudomonas b) Streptococcus c) Prevotella d) Fusobacterium e) Veillonella f) All of the above g) None of the aboveF All of the above (pg. 964)What contributes to mucosal pathogens virulence factors? a) stickiness and biofilms b) adhesins and capsules c) spikes d) None of these are correctB) adhesins and capsules allow microbes to evade phagocytosisEndotoxins of gram-negative bacteria can stimulate a strong inflammatory response that damages respiratory cells (T/F)TrueWhen an infection has been established in the respiratory tract it usually impairs which function? a) coughing b) breathing c) Mucociliary escalator d) normal florac) Mucociliary Escalator (pg. 964)What is the main characteristic of pneumonia? a) pleural spaces fill with fluid causing pleurisy b) alveoli fill with fluid causing consolidations c) It can be an opportunistic infection to those who are immunocompromised d) It's mainly caused by virusesB) alveoli fill with fluid causing consolidations pg. 965