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Unit 12, Chapter 14 & 15 anthropology

Terms in this set (32)

Maize is far from an ideal crop because of:

A) the presence of lysine and niacin
B) the ability to produce and store a surplus, thus leading to hoarding and warfare
C) the increase in protein, at the expense of carbohydrates
D) an increase in a chemical leading to iron deficiency
E) need for specialized technology associated with maize agricultural activities
D) an increase in a chemical leading to iron deficiency
The legendary Xia dynasty, proclaimed in myth as the dawn of the Chinese civilization, may be evidenced in the increased complexity of Erlitou at around:

A) 8,000 - 7,600 ya
B) 6,500 - 6,250 ya
C) 5,000 - 4,000 ya
D) 4,600 - 3,200 ya
E) 3,900 to 3,600 ya
E) 3,900 to 3,600 ya
The change in relationship between humans, animals, and plants whereby they share a mutually beneficial association is known as:

A) agriculture
B) transhumance
C) domestication
D) propagation
E) symbiosis
E) symbiosis
Maya hieroglyphics on stelae recorded which of the following subjects?

A) commerce
B) royal ancestry and noble deeds
C) taxation records
D) accounts of the Spanish Conquest
E) technological manuals for metallurgy
B) royal ancestry and noble deeds
Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between climate change and the emergence of civilizations is accurate?

A) Climate change is insufficient alone to explain the rise of all civilizations.
B) Climate change always played an important role.
C) There is little correlation between climate change and the emergence of civilizations.
D) Climate change can never account for the emergence of civilizations.
E) The presence of severe drought conditions can be linked to the emergence of civilizations.
A) Climate change is insufficient alone to explain the rise of all civilizations.
Which of the following does not represent a biochemical signature of diet?

A) the ratio of nitrogen isotopes varying with the overall importance of seafood
B) different photosynthetic processes resulting in varying ratios of carbon
C) strontium and calcium ratios indicating relative importance of meat and plant foods
D) different chemical compositions resulting from photosynthesis in bones of human skeletons
E) low concentrations of lead found in bones of those who drink wine that has been stored in lead containers
E) low concentrations of lead found in bones of those who drink wine that has been stored in lead containers
Occupants of Peru's coastal regions were whole-heartedly committed to subsistence agriculture after about 3,800 ya.

A) True
B) False
A) True
States, as defined by Morton Fried, are characterized by which of the following?

A) an egalitarian organization
B) a lack of social differentiation
C) a concept of citizenship
D) a lack of administrative bureaucracies
E) a dependence on informal leadership
C) a concept of citizenship
The switch from hunting and gathering to agriculture in Egypt has been explained as the result of:

A) diffusion from the Near East
B) increasing sedentism
C) population nucleation along the Nile
D) the lack of sufficient animal resources
E) profuse pastures across the region
C) population nucleation along the Nile
A cultigen is defined as:

A) a domesticated plant under human control
B) an animal species which is dependent on humans
C) a wild plant which is predisposed to domestication
D) the symbiotic relationship between humans and plants
E) a society which raises domesticated plants
A) a domesticated plant under human control
Plant domestication provided the subsistence base for:
A) metallurgy
B) the first appearance of ritual and burials
C) writing
D) sedentarism
E) all of the above
D) sedentarism
Which feature of Ubaid society likely influenced the development of community organization and cooperation?

A) the construction of massive irrigation systems
B) the development of extensive trade contacts
C) the development of an institutional bureaucracy
D) the rise of a full-time military
E) the development of a writing system
A) the construction of massive irrigation systems
The marginal zone theory maintains that domestication was undertaken because of:

A) a drying climate trend
B) population pressure
C) racial factors
D) poor yields in wild plants
E) people exploiting unfamiliar plants and animals
B) population pressure
Which of the following does not represent a New World domesticate?

A) maize
B) barley
C) potatoes
D) peanuts
E) quinoa
B) barley
Which statement best describes the primary difference in patterns of domestication in the New and Old Worlds?

A) Plant domestication was relatively unimportant in the New World.
B) Animal domesticates were more numerous in the Old World.
C) Most Old World plant domesticates were more productive.
D) Maize constituted one of the staple crops in the Old World.
E) Animals were not domesticated in the New World.
B) Animal domesticates were more numerous in the Old World.
An early city on the northern coast of Peru, known for its huge pyramid, unique pottery, skilled metalworking, and the rich tombs of its warrior-priests was

A) Nazca
B) Cuzco
C) Tikal
D) Moche
E) Chavín de Huantar
D) Moche
The earliest plant crops in China were

A) rice and wheat
B) millet
C) rice and yams
D) wheat and yams
E) barley
B) millet
Microfossils do not typically survive even where macrofossils can.

A) True
B) False
B) False
The Neolithic Revolution is associated with:

A) the development of agriculture
B) the beginning of social differentiation
C) the development of state level societies
D) the transition to intensive hunting and gathering
E) the beginning of fully modern human behavior
A) the development of agriculture
The decline of Sumerian civilization may be linked to

A) constant competition between city-states
B) agricultural use of fertilizers
C) the presence of a prolonged drought in Mesopotamia
D) lack of competition among internal agencies
E) military stagnation
A) constant competition between city-states
Domestication may be evident in what aspect of archaeological animal bones?

A) an abundance of young males
B) the predominance of prime-age females
C) equal distribution of males and females
D) equal distribution of all age and sex classes
E) primarily older males and juvenile females
A) an abundance of young males
What features characterize the transition to the Neolithic pattern in northern Europe?

A) It was preceded by substantial ideological shifts, particularly the development of monuments.
B) It represents a gradual transition from intensive Mesolithic hunting and gathering.
C) It occurred rapidly and likely preceded ideological changes.
D) It developed slowly after a long period of trade and exchange with farming communities in North Africa.
E) It is primarily the result of the migration of farmers from the Near East.
C) It occurred rapidly and likely preceded ideological changes.
The initial appearance of political complexity in South America is likely associated with

A) coastal groups dependent on the rich maritime resources
B) Amazonian farmers largely reliant on maize and taro
C) inland groups associated with evidence of agricultural intensification
D) highland groups practicing intensive potato-based agriculture
E) coastal groups planting maize and squash in garden plots
C) inland groups associated with evidence of agricultural intensification
Competitive feasting, tribute payments, or offerings to the deities that promoted the development of human agency and, ultimately, of domestication and agriculture is an example of the cultural approach embraced by all of the following except

A) Hodder
B) Braidwood
C) Childe
D) Watkins
E) Binford
E) Binford
The earliest true city yet discovered is found in Mesopotamia.

A) True
B) False
A) True
The inhabitants of the Indus Valley urban centers

A) had previously occupied the higher valley margins to the west
B) had previously practiced hunting and gathering in the Indus valley
C) migrated there from the upper Indus valley
D) adopted farming and herding when they settled on the valley floor
E) represent a long term sequence of occupation of the valley floor
A) had previously occupied the higher valley margins to the west
Pollen is an example of what type of archaeobotanical remains?

A) macrofossil
B) feature
C) microfossil
D) cultigen
E) carbonization
C) microfossil
The Olmec culture was located primarily

A) along the Gulf Coast of Mexico
B) in highland Mexico
C) along the Andean coast of South America
D) in the Amazon basin of South America
E) in the southwestern United States
A) along the Gulf Coast of Mexico
Ian Hodder's approach to the origins of agriculture in Europe proposes that it entailed

A) the development of agriculture in the nuclear zone as people become increasingly adept at domestication
B) settlement of marginal areas due expanding human populations, leading to domestication as people planted seed crops outside of their native range
C) an increasing emphasis on the human control and domination of nature, in response to a combination of both natural and social mechanisms
D) a fundamental shift in the worldview of people prior to the Neolithic revolution
E) the need for people to produce a surplus to meet the demands of local kin leaders
C) an increasing emphasis on the human control and domination of nature, in response to a combination of both natural and social mechanisms
Social stratification accompanies the earliest states, which means there is archaeological evidence of

A) no real social classes
B) most people becoming specialists in craft production, military service, trade, and religion
C) lack of the presence of a hereditary ruling class
D) few elite individuals who controlled access to goods and services produced by others
E) no real way to levy and collect taxes
D) few elite individuals who controlled access to goods and services produced by others
What characteristic does NOT represent a common trait of animals suited for domestication?

A) hierarchical herd structure
B) territorial
C) not prone to flight
D) will transfer allegiance to humans
E) even-tempered
B) territorial
What species likely represents the first domesticated animal?
A) cat
B) dog
C) horse
D) cattle
E) sheep
B) dog
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