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HL Extension - Global Interactions (Units 4, 5 & 6)

Terms in this set (321)

Americanization

The imposition and adoption of US cultural traits and values at a global scale.

Atmospheric and ocean transfers

The planetary-scale air and water movements that result from the uneven heating of the Earth by the Sun.

Autocratic state

A non-democratic country where political power is concentrated in the hands of one or more people who may be unelected.

Large information sets that may be analysed using computers. Analysis of big data may reveal new patterns, trends, associations or risks that do not show as clearly in smaller-scale information and studies.

Physical characteristics that are unique to a person. This includes fingerprints, retinal scans and information about a person's face, e.g. the distance between eyes, nose, mouth and ears.

Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa are five countries whose economies were growing rapidly in the early years of the 21st century.

Carbon footprint

The amount of carbon dioxide used by an individual, organisation or country as they go about their everyday lives or operations. It is usually measured in terms of the volume of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere as a result of fossil fuel per unit of time (e.g. annually) or per activity (e.g. per internet search).

Any organization or movement that works in the area between the household, the private sector and the state to negotiate matters of public concern. This includes non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community groups, trade unions, academic institutions and faith-based organizations.

Conflict minerals

Products of mining industries sourced from conflict zones whose production may have involved slave labour.

Core and periphery

In the past, the developed world 'core' regions of Europe and North America exploited the human and natural resources of the much larger and less developed 'periphery' regions of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Corporate migration

When a TNC changes its corporate identity, relocating its headquarters to a different country.

Corporate social responsibility

Recognising that companies should behave in moral and ethical ways towards people and places as part of their business model.

Raising sums of money for a good cause or innovation by asking a large number of people to donate a small amount each using an online platform.

Cultural diversity

The level of heterogeneity (difference) exhibited by a community in terms of ethnicity, religion, language or other defining cultural traits. Cultures which lack diversity instead show homogeneity (sameness).

Cultural hybridity

When a new culture develops whose traits combine two or more different sets of influences.

Cultural imperialism

The practice of promoting the culture/language of one nation in another: It is usually the case that the former is a large, economically or militarily powerful nation and the latter is a smaller, less affluent one.

Cultural landscape

The distinctive character of a geographical place or region which has been shaped over time by a combination of physical and human processes.

Cultural traits

Culture can be broken down into individual component parts, such as the clothing people wear or their language. Each component is called a 'cultural trait'. Eg. Indian women wearing the sari.

When computer hackers gain illegal access to confidential government or company information.

De globalization

A reduction in the intensity of some global interactions or the introduction of new barriers to some global flows.

Disruptive technology

A technology which brings major changes to the way people live and work instead of merely supporting and enhancing the current way things are done.

Economic sovereignty

The freedom of a state from any outside intervention in its markets and trading relationships. In reality, no state has complete economic sovereignty due to the complexities of world trade and trading agreements.

The shared identity of an ethnic group which may be based on common ancestral roots or cultural characteristics such as language, religion, diet or clothing.

A cultural landscape constructed by a minority ethnic group, such as a migrant population. Their culture is clearly reflected in the way they have remade the place where they live.

Someone who has migrated to live in another state but remains a citizen of the state where they were born.

A modern landscape of tower blocks and offices that incorporates state-of the-art architecture, and which is usually designed to impress by reaching greater heights than the surrounding district.

Global agribusiness

A transnational farming and/ or food production company. This blanket term covers various types of TNC specializing in food, seed and fertilizer production, as well as farm machinery, agrochemical production and food distribution.

A shared sense of belonging at the planetary scale which is demonstrated through common ways of communicating, consuming media and food, dressing or behaving (including shared social norms such as a commitment to upholding human rights).

Global governance

The term 'governance' suggests broader notions of steering or piloting rather than the direct form of control associated with 'government'. It therefore describes the steering rules, norms, codes and regulations used to regulate human activity at an international level.

A settlement or state which is highly connected with other places and through which an unusually large volume of global flows are channelled.

Global interactions

This phenomenon includes all of the varied economic, social, political, cultural and environmental processes which make up globalization. It also encompasses the many local opposition movements and new cultural forms that result when globalizing forces meet and interact with local societies and stakeholders.

Global middle class

Globally, the middle class is defined as people with discretionary income they can spend on consumer goods. Definitions vary: some organizations define the global middle class as people with an annual income of over US$10,000; others use a benchmark of US$10 per day income.

Global production network (GPN)

A chain of connected suppliers of parts and materials that contribute to the manufacturing or assembly of consumer goods. The network serves the needs of a TNC, such as Apple or Tesco.

The international relocation of different types of industrial activity, especially manufacturing industries. Since the 1960s, many industries have all but vanished from Europe and North America. Instead, they thrive in Asia, South America and, increasingly, Africa.

This means getting your own way by using force. Invasions, war and conflict are very blunt instruments. Economic power can be used as a form of hard power: sanctions and trade barriers can cause great harm to other states.

Hegemonic power

The ability of a powerful state or player to influence outcomes without reverting to 'hard power' tactics such as military force. Instead, control is exercised using a range of 'soft' strategies of persuasion, including diplomacy, aid and the work of the media and educational institutions.

An individual or society's sense of attachment to one or more places. This may be at the country, region, city or village scale. People may feel a sense of belonging to multiple places due to their family history or because of the differing loyalties or attachments which can operate at the state level (e.g. a sense of patriotism or nationalism) and local level (e.g. family 'roots' in a particular neighbourhood or support for a local sports team).

Indigenous people

Ethnic groups who have enjoyed the uninterrupted occupation of a place for long periods of time (pre-dating any arrival of more recent migrants).

Informal sector

Unofficial forms of employment that not easily made subject to government regulation or taxation. Sometimes called 'the black economy' or 'cash-in-hand' work, informal employment may be the only kind of work that poorly educated people can get.

International mindedness

A way of thinking which is receptive to ideas from different countries and recognizes that all people belong to a networked international community which is pluralistic, culturally diverse and meritocratic. It also involves an appreciation of the complexity of our world and our interactions with one another.

A cultural process which involves different communities combining over time to form a more uniform culture which combines traits drawn from the traditions of each of the original communities.

An armed non-official or informal military force raised by members of civil society. Militia groups are sometimes characterized as freedom fighters or terrorists in varying political contexts or in the views of different observers.

The four fast-growing economies of Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey.

A political movement focused on national independence or the abandonment of policies that are viewed by some people as a threat to national sovereignty or national culture.

Natural resources

Parts of the physical environment that are used to satisfy human needs and wants.

Avoiding distant out-sourcing destinations and making use of companies in neighbour or near neighbour states instead. This can reduce the risks and costs associated with longer-distance out-sourcing.

Negative externalities

Costs which arise on account of economic activity, including uncompensated-for environmental damage.

The indirect actions by which developed countries exercise a degree of control over the development of their former colonies. This can be achieved through varied means including conditions attached to aid and loans, cultural influence and military or economic support (either overt or covert) and the actions of TNCs.

A philosophy to managing economies and societies which takes the view that government interference should be kept to a minimum and that problems are best left for market forces to solve.

A unique portion of geographic space. Places can be identified at a variety of scales, from local territories or locations to the national or state level. Places can be compared according to: their cultural or physical diversity; disparities in wealth or resource endowment; and the level of their interactions with, or isolation from, other places.

Point source pollution

The release of pollutants from a single identifiable site such as a factory chimney within one city or country.

Political sovereignty

The freedom of a state to govern itself fully, independent of interference by any foreign power. In theory, no United Nations member has complete political sovereignty.

The idea that every political decision in a democracy should reflect what the majority of citizens believe, not what the majority of politicians believe.

The ability to influence and affect change or equilibrium at different scales. Power is vested in citizens, governments, institutions and other stakeholders. Equity and security, both environmental and economic, can be gained or lost as a result of the interaction of powerful forces. For their power to be lasting, places also need to be resilient against a wide range of threats and risks.

Profit repatriation

A financial flow of profits from a country where a TNC has overseas operations back to the country where its headquarters are.

When state governments erect barriers to foreign trade and investment such as import taxes. The aim is to protect their own industries from competition.

Also known as onshoring and backshoring, this involves a TNC abandoning lengthy supply chains and instead returning productive operations to the country where it is headquartered. The company will no longer make use of a spatial division of labour.

The capacity of individuals, societies, organizations or environments to recover and resume 'business as usual' functions and operations following a hazard event or other system shock.

Resource nationalism

When state governments restrict exports to other countries in order to give their own domestic industries and consumers priority access to the national resources found within their borders.

A real or perceived threat against any aspect of social or economic life.

Shrinking world effect

Heightened connectivity changes our conception of time, distance and potential barriers to the migration of people, goods, money and information. As travel times fall due to new inventions, different places approach each other in 'space-time': they begin to feel closer together than in the past. This is also called the 'shrinking world effect'.

Social entrepreneurship approaches

A way of trying to meet human development goals which draws on business techniques and principles. Unlike large-scale 'top-down' lending to states, social entrepreneurship approaches often require only small (but potentially life-changing) loans to be made available to individuals and local communities.

The political scientist Joseph Nye coined the term 'soft power' to mean the power of persuasion. Some countries are able to make others follow their lead by making their policies attractive and appealing. A country's culture (arts, music, cinema) may be viewed favourably by people in other countries.

Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs)

Money used by state governments to purchase large overseas assets such as power stations and rail infrastructure.

Spatial division of labour

The common practice among TNCs of moving low-skilled work abroad (or 'offshore') to places where labour costs are low. Important skilled management jobs are retained at the TNC's headquarters in its country of origin.

Special Economic Zone (SEZ)

An industrial area, often near a coastline, where favourable conditions are created to attract foreign TNCs. These conditions include low tax rates and exemption from tariffs and export duties.

Structural adjustment programmes (SAPs)

These are money-borrowing rules designed to help avoid financial mismanagement by encouraging fiscal prudence. Since the mid-1980s, the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) has provided international lending but with strict conditions attached.

The taxes that are paid when importing or exporting goods and services between countries.

Time space compression

Heightened connectivity changes our conception of time, distance and potential barriers to the migration of people, goods, money and information. As travel times fall due to new inventions, different places approach each other in 'space-time': they begin to feel closer together than in the past. This is also called the 'shrinking world effect'.

Voluntary international organizations that exist for trading purposes, bringing greater economic strength and security to the nations that join.

Transfer pricing

A financial flow occurring when one division of a TNC based in one country charges a division of the same firm based in another country for the supply of a product or service. It can lead to less corporation tax being paid.

Transnational corporations (TNCs)

Businesses whose operations are spread across the world, operating in many nations as both makers and sellers of goods and services. Many of the largest TNCs are instantly recognisable 'global brands' that bring cultural change to the places where their products are consumed.

The rise of 'us and them' political movements which are often opposed to globalization or Westernization.

The positive impacts on peripheral regions (and poorer people) caused by the creation of wealth in core regions (and amongst richer people).

The imposition and adoption of a combination of European and North American cultural traits and values at a global scale.

A challenge that cannot be dealt with easily, due to its scale and/or complexity. Wicked problems arise from the interactions of many different places, people, issues, ideas and perspectives within complex and interconnected systems.

0.7% ODA target

Official development assistance target of 0.7% GNI growth set by the OECD

21000 TEU Largest container ship

One of five of the world's largest container ship, named 'OOCL Hong Kong', built to serve the route from East Asia to Northern Europe

A printer which is able to print physical objects, can be used for example to now legally print working guns.

50 million users: Telephone, Radio, TV, Internet

It took about 75 years for the telephone to connect 50 million users. The radio hit this goal in 38. It wasn't until 13 years till 50 million people were sitting in front of their television screens in their homes. The Internet reached this milestone in four years

Adaption of Globalization

Mixing standardization and costumisation ina way that minimizes costs while maximizing satisfaction.

Adoption of Globalization

The fact that the world is becoming increasingly interconnected and global flows extend past national boundaries.

Adoption of Minority traits in host country

Being more accepting to the people immigrating to a countr for example eating their food or being more involved in their culture and beliefs.

Advantages of Localize vs globalized production

Advantages of local products is that they will not need as much extensive transport and buying them can benefit the local community and local farmers. The advantage of Globalized production is that it allows interconnectedness withother nations and allows a country to get better connections and trade deals through export and import.

Affirmative Action

the practice or policy of favouring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously; positive discrimination.

Agro-Industrialisation

Also known as industrial agriculture - refers to the form of modern, industrialised farming; livestock, poultry, fish, and crops

Agro-Industrialisation & Impacts on the Environment

The onset of heavy industrial processes in agriculture have led to pollution of the environment through runoffs carrying pesticide and insecticide chemical compounds, harming ecosystems. High crop yields and these chemicals have also resulted in deficient soil which cannot be reused from one season to the next.

American Peanuts

The most protected nut production industry in the world. Their government give farmers a lot of financial support to encourage their growth.

Americanisation, Westernisation, Disneyfication, Mcdonaldlisation

The imposition and adoption of a combination of European and North American cultural traits and values at a global scale. For instance, the global influence of, demand for, and interests in products from TNCs like McDonald's and Disney on people around the world, and the presence of their businesses (such as Disney World) in different locations around the world demonstrates the imposition and adoption of American cultural traits and values at a global scale

An example of a population who choose not to be part of regular american society. They live off grid, educate their children at home and have very traditional gender roles. They originally went to live in the USA as they were persecuted for their religion in Switzerland.

Anti-Globalizaion

Opposition to the increase in the global interactions cuh as flows of goods, services, capital, culture and people. Particularily when multinational corporations are concerned.

Anti-Globalizaion movements

A movement / state who are against globalization. Ex. Venezuela, Kony (Lords Resistance Army), Natonalisum, North Korea

Austerity Measures

Political - Economic term used when governments reducing spending and/or increase tax in order to reduce spending defecits/debt. eg. UK post 2008 financial crisis

Barriers to Migration

Barriers can either be legal (eg VISA's), political or physical(Walls) obstacles that obstruct migration

Bhopal/Union Carbide 1984

December 1984, Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal India released 30 tonnes of highly toxic gas, directly killing 3000 people, however over the years it's estimated to have caused 16'000 deaths. The effects were exemplified because of the shanty towns nearby, as people hoped to get work at the factory each day. Lax health and safety standards contributed to this disaster. Union Carbide paid $500 in compensation per victim.

Any fuel that is derived from biomass. Biofuel is considered to be a source of renewable energy, unlike fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas.

Black Sheep Initiative

Iniciative launched by rightwing party (Swiss People's Party), where they believe all foreign criminals should be expelled from Switzerland

Boaty McBoatface

The name that was chosen by the public for a new Navy ship. It was deemed "disrespectful" and they named it RRS Sir David Attenborough instead. One of the submarines is named BMBF instead! Caused a controversy.

Bottom Up Development

A development scheme where money is injected into the bottom helping to kickstart or iimprove businesses. This tends to work better that top down where money is given to those at the 'top' with the hope that it will 'trickle down'

Branded Commodity

They often glocalize (adapt global product for a local market place). e.g.: McDonalds: Muslim = no pork, Hunda = no beef, Indonesia = rice burger, India = spicy

Decision made by David Cameron/Conservative Govt. to leave the European Union. The overall vote was 51% leave to 48% remain.

Acronym for 5 emerging economies - Brazil Russia India China (and since 2010 South Africa)

British Empire (former superpower)

One of the largest colonial powers, based from the UK, which lasted from around 1500 until after WW2 when colonies started to declare independance

wide bandwidth data transmission which transports multiple signals and traffic types.

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation: A type of agriculture which has negative impacts on the environment through discharging waste into a water way or trailing pond, Usually ignores human and animal rights during the process. Battery farms as an example. Wiki definition ->

Carbon Footprints

The amount of carbon dioxide used by an individual, organization or country as they go about their everyday lives, Measured in volume of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere

The Chernobyl Disaster was a catastrophic nuclear accident in April 1986. Happened in the Ukranian Soviet Socialist Republic (Soviet Union), when the station ran a simulated station black out, and both flaws and unprepared workers aranged reactors baddly. Water flashed into steam generating a destructive steam explosion and a subsequent open-air graphite fire.

Child/Sweatshop Labour

This is the use of unethical labour forces in factories, typically found in LIC's and MIC's. These types of labour are often employed by TNC's as they are cheaper to pay for. Working in terrible conditions, minimum wage (almost slavery). Eg. Rana Plaza Bangladesh, before 2013

China emerging power

Competing with USA for title of world's largest economy. High expansion rate due to success of manufacturing (nicknamed 'the world's factory'): TNCs attracted to abundance of cheap, hardworking labor. Millions now risen out of poverty, and many investing in oil to maintain economy. High levels of pollution mean government is also looking into power alternatives (hydropower e.g. Three Gorges Dam --> link to oceans topic)

A civil society is a society which is considered as a community of citizens linked by common interests and collective activity.

Clark-Fisher Model

The three-sector model in economics divides economies into three sectors of activity: extraction of raw materials (primary), manufacturing (secondary), and services (tertiary). It was developed by Allan Fisher

Term for a town where the high street or other major shopping areas are significantly dominated by chain stores.

Consumer Culture

Consumer culture theory is the study of consumption choices and behaviors from a social and cultural point of view, as opposed to an economic or psychological one.

Containerisation

System of intermodal freight transport using standardized sized containers, enables more efficient transport of goods.

Dishonest or fraudulent behavior from people up in power; most prominent example of corruption would be governments.

Counterfeit Goods

A false/ copy of an item it is intended to look authentic (to increase price)

Crowd Sourcing Technologies

the practice of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people and especially from the online community rather than from traditional employees or suppliers. E.g Wayz

Cultural Diffusion

The spreading out of culture, cultural traits and patterns from a central point - for example the slik road led to the widespread spread of western values - americanisation set in - the world became a global village

Cultural Hybribity

When a new culture develops that combines traits from two or more set of influences

Cultural Imperialism

Cultural imperialism is the practise of promoting and imposing a culture, usually that of a politicaly powerful nation over a less powerful nation.

the behaviors and belied characteristics of a particular group. A geographic area the includes cultural resources and natural resources associated with the interactions between nature and human behavior. Culture can also be broken down into individual component parts, such as clothing people wear or their lanaguge --> this is commonly known as a "traits"

The centers of origin of ancient civilizations which continue to inspire and influence modern societies of the world today, for instance, the Nile river valley

A feature which links people from a similar place together, for example wearing a sari.

Cyber security refers to the technologies, processes, and practices designed to protect networks, devices, programs, and data from attack, damage, or unauthorized access.

When a country has borowed money and now owes 50% of their GDP means they are in debt. If they can not pay it back, the country sometimes can get help by a developed country or an NGO. This is better then wipeing the debt.

Deepwater Horizon

BP (British Petroleum) - Oil spill on April 20, 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico. Largest marine oil spill in history. Oil was escaping the pipeline for 85 days.

Development Gap

the difference in levels of development between the world's richest and poorest countries, can also be internal within a country

DG Janelle 1968

An author that wrote the book 'Time-Space Convergence' (the idea that as global interactions develop, people, places, goods and services all 'converge') where he coined the phrase "the shrinking world effect".

A diaspora is a large group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have since moved out to places all over the world.

Diasporas preserving Culture

This is anyone who attempts to keep their culture, e.g. british people having british breakfasts. Chinatowns

Diffusion of Culture and ideas

How information or knowledge is spread around. For example by the Internet.

Dilution of Culture

When an areas culture is watered down by a growing diversity of different cultures. It is a side effect of globalisation and fear of this has caused an increase in nationalism (eg. France) and countries to restrict migration (eg. Japan)

Model/Graph by which the increase of distance leads to a decrease of the degree of interaction.

"Disruptive technology. Can be used for good in terms of army and police however can also be used as a means for disruption. The most notible example was Gatwick Airport drone incident which happened just before Christmas 2018. A drone caused disruption to flights and was unable to be located by the police.

When foreign food aid comes to a country and undermines the local food production and farming

Passports with a little chip in them that allows a camera to recognise (mathematiclly) the structure of your face. Can sometimes use other forms of biometrics. Makes it impossible for someone to steal your identity.

Economic Globalization

The growth of transnational corporations (TNCs) accelerates cross-border exchanges of raw materials, components, finished manufactured goods, shares, portfolio investment and purchasing. Information and communications technology (ICT) supports the growth of complex spatial divisions of labour for firms and a more international economy. Online purchasing using amazon on a smartphone.

Emerging Economies

"rapidly developing economies" places such as the UAE, Chile, Malaysia, places which are undergrowing rapid economic growth and are transitioning from LICs to MICs or MICs to HICs

Environmental Awareness

generally speaking, this is increasing. people are becoming more aware of the consequences and children are being educated in school. Civil society groups are on the rise (Greta & Greenpeace). See the horrendous effects in e.g. Fukushima and Chernobyl

Eritrea and censorship

An example of a autrocratic state with excessive censorship; newpapers, radio and telivision are censored to prevent political disidence, journalists are arrested and websites or platforms they cant monitor are banned.

The European Union is a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe (soon probably 27 with Brexit).

This is an alternative trading network, which offers a higher gaurenteed price for products, as well as a stable wage for farmers during years of bad crop yield. This also ensures fair working conditions of the farmers, and can be in a large cooperative for a big farm. Some negatives, however; it would not work on a global level, it could encourage not working properly, and due to higher prices consumers will not buy fairtrade during economic hard-times

Foreign Direct Investment; overseas investments in physical capital by transnational corporations

Feed lots are lots of yard used for Animal Feeding operations (AFOs) for intensive animal farming

Fibre Optic Cables

improvements in telecommunications - the cost of data transmission has become cheaper due to a global fibre-optic cable network

Financial Flows

Movements of money or capital from one country to another.

a mile over which a food item is transported during the journey from producer to consumer, as a unit of measurement of the fuel used to transport it.

The packages that food arrives in, due to the waste it produces there is increasing awareness about the effects, leading to consumers leaving behind waste in order to bring back responsibility to the producer company.

A policy that does not restrict imports or exports as well as the idea of the free market.

Friction of Distance

Distance of journey and how much difficulty was in the journey, this implies the amount of money and resources that were put into the journey.

Fukishima-Diachii, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster was an energy accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Ōkuma, Fukushima Prefecture, initiated primarily by the tsunami following the Tōhoku earthquake on 11 March 2011.

It consists of 19 individual countries and the european union - its aim is to discuss policies related to international financial stability - SInce 2011, annual summits are held during which they address issues which go beyond one organisations responsibility

The G7 is a world financial institution that gathers the seven (an sometimes eight when Russia is involved) strongest economies (historically) to discuss matters. Includes Japan, the US, the UK, France, Germany, Italy, and Canada

Geographic Isolation & GI

Geographic isolation is a term that refers to a population of animals, plants, or other organisms that are separated from exchanging genetic material with other organisms of the same species. They tend to be seprated by a geographical brrier such as a mountain or a deep valley.

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) is an index for measurement of gender disparity that was introduced in the 2010 Human Development Report. Its related to three aspects of social and economic; reproductive health, empowerment and labour force participation

Global Financial Crisis GFC, 2008

The most serious economic disaster since the Great Depression of the 1930s; started with a subprime mortgage lending crisis in the US in 2007 and expanded into a global banking crisis with the failure of investment bank Lehman Brothers in September 2008

How the political power, money and places where goods are manufactured is changing over time.

Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased flow goods, servies, people, culture, and capital.

the practice of conducting business according to both local and global considerations

GM - Genetically modified. Used to increase crop yield, increase drought resistance, reduce need for fertilisers/pesticides...

microfinance organisation and community development bank founded in Bangladesh, first bank to do microlending 'bottom-up'

Grass vs Grain fed meat production

Grain fed meat production requires the use of agricultural land to grow the grain, followed by the use of land and water to raise the animals. Food production would be more efficient if we used that land to grow food directly for human consumption. Grass fed is better environmentally as the animals can be reared in areas not suitable for crop growth.

Great Firewall of China

The internet censorship and slowed down internet traffic in China to allow the government to regulate the internet domestically.

Green revolution

In 1950's and 60's there was a large increase in agriculture production due to new technology and research

An example of a Civil Society organisation who have been campaigning against environmental issues for example Nuclear testing in the oceans since the 1970's

Teenage girl from Sweden who started the school trikes for climate change. Every Friday she goes on strike from school and sits outside the Swedish parliament. She does this to raise awareness and try to catalyse action to adapt to and mitigate climate change. She is now backed by a group of people (and is an example of a Social Civil Society). She has also been nominated for a nobel peace prize.

Impacts both individuals and communities. Increasing over the years, as technology improves and weakness in passwords increases. e.g.: WikiLeaks (Assange is alleged to have hacked into various Australian and US defence department's computer systems).

Hard Power Strategies

Hard power is the use of military and economic means to influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies. This form of political power is often aggressive. A notible example was the US invasion of Iraq in 2003. The United States' attack on Iraq in 2003 was based on the concerns about Iraq's possession of weapons of mass destruction.

Heavily indebted poor country. 37 HIPCs in the world, countries which have high poverty rates and large amounts of debt. These countries are also eligble for special aid by the IMF

Homogenisation of Culture

All cultures around the world becoming increasingly similar due to the links created through globalization. Eg. everyone wears hoodies and jeans, and an increasing numebr of people are eating western diets

Homogenisation of Landscapes

Every city, every town, every CBD is the same/very similar.

Homogenised high streets

CBD -> Central Business District. Where every highstreet/shopping street has the same shops available which belong to large corporations or TNCs such as McDonald's, Subway, Luxottica, H&M,

A chinese company that are rumoured to be very closely linked to the Chinese government and have therefore been banned for use by US govt. officials etc. Most advanced cellular network technologies, currently rolling out in Europe 2019

Human Trafficking

Human trafficking involves enslaving and/or transporting often through the use of violence, deception or coercion and forcing them to work against their will. Modern day trafficking is often from LICs or countries experiencing conflict, to HICs, often by peopling seeking better work or fleeing persecution who are taken advantage of.

Ideal X, 58 containers

The first container ship. Left the port of Newark (New Jersey) the 26th of April 1956. Only had 58 containers, while container ships now a days can have above 18'000 containers (of 20 feet each).

New technology as well as social engeneering can allow hackers to assume the identity of another person by accessing their personal details, banking accounts, phone numbers; and use this to benefit the hacker.

Case Study of TNC (a firm which has the power to co-ordinate and control operations in more than one country, even if it doesn't own them): Swedish-founded by Ingvar Kamprad, designing and selling home furniture, appliances, and accessories.

IKEA Global Strategies

"Ikea-Way" - sustainable and eco-friendly (to a certain extent)... Partnered with WWF too

IKEA Supply Chains

1. Raw Materials, 2. Manufacturing, 3. Distribution, 4. Retailer, 5. Consumer

Stands for International Monetary Fund, and it is an organisation of 189 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.

Indian Diaspora

Overseas Indians, also known as Non-resident Indians or Persons of Indian Origin, are people of Indian birth, descent, or origin who live outside the Republic of India.

Influence of Missionaries

Religious advocates that encourage specific religions in different parts of the world, thier opinions and knowledge may alter people's perceptions of risk.

Intermodal Transport

Is the use of two modes of freight, such as truck and rail, to transit goods from shipper to consignee. The intermodal process usually begins with a container being moved by a truck to a rail, then back to a truck to complete the process. There are about 25 million containers moved via intermodal shipping each year.

International AID

International aid is a form of needed assistance provided from a country to another (could be money, supplies, emergency teams etc...)

International Mindedness

"An internationally minded person is open-minded about the common humanity of all people and accepts and respects other cultures and beliefs. The internationally minded person takes action through discussion and collaboration to help build a better and peaceful world." -IB

Internet Penetration

The percentage of the population using the internet - For example the USA has a value of 78.3%

Internet Censorship

A strategy that some countries, such as China, have adopted to reject global perspectives and gain control over information their population is accessing online. In most countries though, some form of censorship is also in place to reduce cybercrime and illicit content being spread

IWAY (Ikea Way)

1.Discrete and flatter design help IKEA to deliver more products in every load carrying unit at a time. 2. Increase usage in railway and sea transport. 3. Applying low-energy light bulbs to its workforce and changed its cars to low emission hybrid models. 4. Sets a goal in recycling 90% of its materials from waste products. 5.Removed plastic carrier bags from its stores completely. 6. Encourages employees to commute by bike or on public transport by offering subsidised travel tickets.

Manufactering process where components of a product are never stored and parts are always ready just in time to be assambled. Instead of stroing parts of a product (whcih costs money), parts are in a shipping container as if it was a "moving storage unit."

A genre of popular music originating in South Korea that has risen to global prominence and is now a key driver of global culture. The export of K-pop has ballooned South Korea's music industry to a $5 billion industry. During the 2018 Olympics, K-pop has took on a whole new kind of sociopolitical significance, as athletes marched in Parade of Nations to the accompaniment of a select group of K-pop hits

A crowdsourcing website where people contribute towards the cost of something eg. starting a new business or making a movie

KOF Index of Globalization

measures the economic, social and political dimensions of globalisation. Scale from 0-100. Takes culture, economy etc into consideration e.g. number of peace treaties signed / no. of global TNCs, no. of TV owners, no. of people with phone contract...

KOF Rank 1 2018: Switzerland. Why?

KOF- Globalization Index - measured using points for each aspect (Social, Economic and Political). Switzerlands points were the most when added up.

KOF Rank 196(last) 2018: Eritrea. Why

Autocratic + censored. Minimal internet acces due to poor electricity availability, lack of TNC's. Censorship of journalists. Lack of international interaction such as with the UN

example of an anti globilization movement - kony is a leader https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4MnpzG5Sqc

Kuznets Environmental Curve

A diagram that shows how LIC's tend to have a low environmental effect, as they begin to industrialize they reach a peak of pollution and following that as a country tends towards higher development, their environmental footprint decreases again as they begin to offshore polluting industry.

The buying or leasing of large pieces of land by domestic and transnational companies, governments, and individuals.

Landlocked states & GI

Landlocked states are sovereign states that are entirely enclosed by land

Largest 15 container ships...

Contribute as much nitrogen oxide and sulphur oxide as the world's 760 million cars

An invented comon language such as Swahili, alowing two different groups to comunicate.

Transfer of capital requiring a repayment with interest over a set period of time. Microloans also help smaller businesses and individuals.

Loss of Language

Rapid globilisation and the rapid spread of the English language as the language of trade and finance has resulted in certain countriees losing their local languages and dialects. An example is Welsh.

Loss of sovereignty

A country's loss of individual political power and the ability to act autonomously. Ex. decisions made for the UK by the EU

The company that manufactures almost all major glasses chains (eg. Ray Ban, Channel, Dolce & Gabana...). They also own sunglass hut and other outlets, as well as eye testing clinics -- they've basically monopolized the whole industry.

Luxottica buys Essilor

Essilor makes lenses for glasses for seeing. Luxottica buying them changed the Luxoticca market from just dominating the sunglasses industry to being able to dominate all glasses in the industry.

Luxottica Global Strategies

"world domination" wants to be the only maker of seeing-eye and sunglasses in the world. Ruthless with their globalisation strategies. Outsourcing factories in China, headquaters in Italy, creating 95% profits

Luxottica Supply Chains

Factories still remain in Italy, many subsidiaries all over the world (including Oakley).

An american truck driver who grew tired of long loading times and decided it would be easier to move the truck onto boats, evolved into the first containers. Standardized size so everyone could use the same models for efficiency, later his company created the first container ship called the Ideal X which carried 58 containers. Currrent largest container ship holds up to 21,000. Invension massivly increased shipping efficiency and revolutionized shipping, facilitated globalization.

A maquiladora or maquila is a company that allows factories to be largely duty free and tariff free. Companies choose to use them because of tax benefits, skilled labor, proximity to large markets, and ultimately lower costs.

This French politician leads the right-wing party Front Nationale, who is anti-immigration into Europe. Stemming from this party are groups such as 'generation identitaire' and 'citidelle' who are islamophobic.

The world's largest restaurant chain by revenue: an American fast food company best known for its hamburgers. McDonaldization is when foreign cultures adopt fast-food characteristics. Glocalization is also prominent (separate vegetarian kitchens in India, McRaclette in Switzerland).

Multi-governmental organisations. They allow state boundaries to be crossed freely by flows of goods and money.

Micro-Lending Schemes

Small loans made available to people with low incomes

Migration Controls

Can be physical or legal. State actions to prevent migrants, including asylum-seekers, from entering the legal jurisdictions or erritories of destination countries or regions or of making them legally inadmissible without individually considering the merits of their protection claims. Singapore = pro migration, North Korea = anti, Australia = point system

a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency.

The nickname for mineral rich Mongolia. Amongst the most polluted places on earth due to their use of unprocessed coal.

Minority Traits

unequal treatment and less power over their lives, distinguishing physical or cultural traits like skin color or language, involuntary membership in the group, awareness of subordination, and high rate of in-group marriage. Additional examples of minority groups might include the LBGT community, religious practitioners whose faith is not widely practiced where they live, and people with disabilities.

MINT Group of countries

Mexico Indonesia Nigeria Turkey, this acronym is for the countreis (after BRIC) that are believed to be the next booming economies) and faster growth in the next decades is expected.

a person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country.

products that travel through the supply chain - this is also known as the materials economy - it however is a linear system with flaws - there are many bi - products and pollutants formed because of it. There is also the element of planned obsolescence - where specifically e - waste is produced in a way to be faulty after a couple of years, or the new models 'push' the old models off the market.

Mozambiques Cashew Nut Industry

Mozambique is one of the world's largest cashew producers: a large part of their economy relies on these exports. However, a loan scheme by the IMF to up production meant that local farmers could no longer afford the nuts nor the means of production, which led to a collapse of the industry and has meant many have encountered financial hardship.

The North American Free Trade Agreement is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994.

a large body of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory.

A sovereign state of which most of the citizens or subjects are united also by factors which define a nation, such as language or common descent

The process of becoming increasingly identified by association with your country. This becomes a big part of your identity. Them and us mentality.

Nationalism in CH

The Swiss Nationalist Party in a extreme right political party in switzerland founded in 2011. Can be comparedto the UDC, the party responsible for the racist anti-immigration sheep political posters.

Natural Resource

Somthing that humans find useful that is from the earth and not man made. ex. a tree, oil, rocks

New Development Bank - is a multilateral development bank established by the BRICS states. According to the Agreement on the NDB, "the Bank shall support public or private projects through loans, guarantees, equity participation and other financial instruments.

Negative Externalities

costs that aren't accounted for when selling - e.g. quality of the lives of the people mining the metals

Neo-Colonialism

The practice of using capitalism, globalization and cultural imperialism to influence a developing country in lieu of direct military control or indirect political control, usually by TNC influence.

20th century movement to remove all trade barriers to lead to free trade globally. IMF pushing countries to remove tarriffs eg. Senegalese nuts.

An Applicatation with a digital community which looks out for anything bizard happening and keep eachother informed

Naomi Klein book which outlines the problems with limitless capitalism.

Non Point-Source Pollution

When polution is coming from 'everywhere'/multiple sources making it harder to fix than point-source polution which comes from a single source.

Non-Renewable Resources

Resources that are finitie e.g. oil, coal, natural gas...

North Korea is an example of a hermit kingdom. It is anti Globilizationa and insits on everything comes from the supreme leader, KJU.

NRI's (non resident Indians)

A Non-Resident Indian is a term used for a person who is an Indian citizen but has migrated to another country. Apart from this, it is also used to represent a person who is an Indian origin but born outsideIndia. This often includes Indian born individuals who have taken the citizenship of other countries.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 36 member nations. Known as the 'country club' of the UN because it's rich nations making decisions that only benefit themselves.

The act of moving industry and joba to another country. An example of this is the assembly of apple products in China instead of the US <designed in California, Assembled in China>

Oil and Time Space Divergence

If we stop using oil the world will "get bigger" meaning that it will take long to travel places and products will take longer to be shipped, or won't be able to be shipped, until we find an (sustainable) alternative to oil

Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Essentially a cartel to fix the price of oil. Founded in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. Later joined by Qatar (1961), Indonesia (1962), Libya (1962), the United Arab Emirates (1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador (1973), Gabon (1975), Angola (2007), Equatorial Guinea (2017) and Congo (2018).

Open Cast Mining

Open-cast mining is a surface mining technique of extracting rock or minerals by digging up all the earth around it straight down (looks like a giant reverse pyramid). Its been adopted because its much cheaper and safer than shaft mining, but is also often worse for the enviroment and leaves much more waste material which must be moved

Organic farming

Organic farming is an alternative agriculturalsystem which originated early in the 20th century in reaction to rapidly changing farming practices. Relies on fertilizers of organic origin such as compost manure, green manure. This type of farming promotes the use of natural (non chemical) components. Food produced organically has been proven to be better for our health when consumed.

Organised Crime NEXUS (drugs, terror, trafficking etc)

The illegal flows of drugs, terror, trafficked goods. These often occur alongside legitimate transactions

A practice used by different companies to reduce costs by transferring portions of work to outside suppliers rather than completing it internally.

Outsourcing vs Offshoring

Outsourcing is when a company gives lower skilled work to a third power. Offshoring is when a business moves part of the manufacturing sections to another country, usually due to lower wages.

Used as an essential ingridient in many products. Incurs mass deforestation which puts the existence of many species (orangutans) in danger since their habitats are destroyed. Greenpeace is strongly campaigning against this

Are 11.5 million leaked documents that detail financial and attorney-client information for more than 241,488 offshore entities. They were leaked in 2015 by an anonymous source. The documents contain personal financial information about wealthy individuals and public officials that had previously been kept private.

Paradise Papers

The Paradise Papers show how complex schemes set up in offshore islands can help the super-rich avoid billions in tax

A form of fraud where emails are sent posing as reliable companies in order to obtain your information or bank details.

PIO (persons of Indian Origin)

a form of identification issued to a Person of Indian Origin who held a passport in a country other than Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

Point-Source Pollution

Point source pollution is when pollution is coming from an identifiable source such as a sewage pipe

Political globalization

the growth of trading blocs allows TNCs to merge and make aquisitions of firms in neighbouring countires, while redecuded trade restrictions and tarrifs help markets to grow

A political philosophy supporting the rights and power of the people - in their struggle against the priviledged elite.

A political tool used by state governments to protect domestic manufacturing by erecting barriers to foreign trade and investment through import taxes. This helps protect their industries from external competitors

Rainbow Warrier

The name of the main greenpeace ship. Greenpeace is an example of an internationl civil society organisation. The boat was sunk as a result from when France where carring out nuclear testing in the South Pacific 1984.

Relocation of Polluting Industries

Reocation to LICs and MICs to reduce the cardbon footprint of HICs -> Germany seems clean (only 6% of global emissions when looking at Germany alone. If look at all its foreign manufactures its 18%)

A transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in their home country

Remote Islands & GI

The least globalisaed and integrated places on earth, including Pitcairn islands (2.5 days to get there!) and Desolation isalnds.

Removal of Tariffs

Can open up a country or region to increased trade with the international community. E.g Macedonia cashew nuts

Renewable Resources

A resorce that can be used and should never run out if used sustainably. ex trees if you cut a tree down plant one so it can grow and you can use it later.

Repatriation of Profits

When countries or individuals send profits back to their country of Origin. Eg. Migrant workers sending profits back to their families or TNC's sending profits back to their country of origin like Apple

re-introducing domestic maufacturing to a country - shorter time to market and moves jobs back home e.g. apple and mac production

The capacity of individuals, societies, organizations or environments to recover and resume 'business as usual' functions and operations following a hazard event or other system shock.

Resource Nationalism

The tendency of people and governments to assert control over natural resources located on their territory e.g. Venuzuela - Chavez wants to keep oil for the country and not export it)

Rise in Nationalism/Tribalism

Nationalism is on the rise due to fears of globalism, loss of agency, identity, and even a loss of homelands and entire ethnic extinction. Seen in 2016 (BREXIT & Trump)

Is a humorous term used to refer to the cultural boundary between German-speaking and French-speaking parts of Switzerland. Defined by the eating of potatoes

Structural Adjustment Programs: rules on money borrowing to help avoid financial mismanagement by encouraging monatatry prudence

1985 - Aimed to make the flow of poeple across European borders easier and improves collaboration of police and border controls between EU member states.

Scottish Independence

A national referendum was held in 2014 and 45% of voters answered yes and 55% answered no.

Sustainable Development Goals, are a set of goals which were set by the UN in 2015, suceeding the Millenium Development Goals. The idea behind these goals is that they must be met by 2030, they generally consist of things like, stopping poverty, improving access to education etc...

Becoming less religious (usualyy leads to a lower fertility rate), usually referring to countries or the world as a whole

Senegalese Groundnut

Senegal's biggest industry. When they gained independance in 1960 groundnut was the no1 export for Senegal. More countries started producing groundnuts instead of demanding them which meant that prices dropped. They took out a second loan from the World Bank which meant they had to operate free trade. Debt got so out of control that they were spending more money on debt than on health and education combined.

Ship breaking Bangladesh

Very unsafe practice where people incl. young adults and children tearing apart abandoned/shipwrecked ships on the shores of Bangladesh and sell broken off parts for small amounts of money. Illegal menaing it is not regulated and those who are found to be doing it will be shot which means huge human rights violations

Is an organization that promotes local food and traditional cooking. It was founded by Carlo Petrini in Italy in 1986 and has since spread worldwide

Social Globalization

Increased interaction and homogenization of human interactions like community relations, familys, relgion, education and work ethics or relations. The spread of ideas like globalization only for social aspects.

Sociocultural Integration

"This is often demonstrated with Diasporas. Diasporas are a scattered population whose origin lies within a smaller geographic locale, usually resulting from a movement of the population from its original homeland.

Soft Power Strategies

This is power by means of power and persuasion. Some countries are able to make others follow their lead by making policies attractive and appealing. A country's culture (arts, music, cinema) may be viewed favourably by people in other countries.

Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs)

Money used by state governments to purchase large oversees assets such as power stations and rail infrastructure. They function as global-scale 'piggy banks', helping to build global influence and diversify income sources. Only a minority of countries use them; they are mostly countries with oil and gas revenues (such as Norway and Qatar) or mineral resources (Chile's culture, Botswana's diamonds).

the authority of a state to govern itself or another state.

Grown in Brazil on what used to be Rainforest to feed to beef cattle in CAFO's for cheap meat production.

Special Economic Zones (SEZ's)

A special economic zone is an area in which the business and trade laws are different from the rest of the country. SEZs are located within a country's national borders, and their aims include increased trade balance, employment, increased investment, job creation and effective administration.

Coffee shop, has green sign, sells coffee. shows americanisation

A nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government.

globally important economic, political, cultural and military powers. The two superpowers are the USA and the European Union (EU), emerging superpowers are Brazil, Russia, India and China (the BRICs) and important regional superpowers are Japan, Mexico and South Africa.

"a network between company and its supplier nd its suppliers to produce and distribute a specific product to the final buyer. This network includes different activities, people, entities, information, and resources. The supply chain also represents the steps it takes to get the product or service from their original state to the customer.

Supply Chain Disruption

Disruptions are defined as major breakdowns in the production or distribution nodes that comprise a supply chain. e.g a cyber attacks, natural disasters, geopolitical instability

Swiss Peoples Party (UDC)

Is also known as the democratic union of the centre. It is a national-conservative and right-wing populist swiss political party.

Tarriffs are taxes that are paid when importing or exporting goods and services between countries

Tax avoidance is the legal usage of the tax regime in a single territory to one's own advantage to reduce the amount of tax that is payable by means that are within the law.

A tax haven is generally defined as a country or place with very low "effective" rates of taxation for foreigners. In some traditional definitions, a tax haven also offers financial secrecy (islands e.g. Bermuda)

TEU (Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit)

Can be used to measure a ship's cargo carrying capacity. The dimensions of one TEU are equal to that of a standard 20′ shipping container

The IB and Globalization

Spreading the homogenized education system and exams (mostly in English).

The Kangaroo Route 1947 & now

A 16 hour Quantas flight between perth and london that was the first intercontinental australia europe flight. First plane flew it in May 2018.

The Resource Curse

refers to the paradox that countries with an abundance of natural resources (such as fossil fuels and certain minerals), tend to have less economic growth, less democracy, and worse development outcomes than countries with fewer natural resources. Ex. Mongolia (all taken), Nigeria - HICs benefit from these places

Thucydides Trap: USA vs China

The Trap - A rising power threatens to displace the current power, often leading to war. In this case China (rising power) and USA (established power) are competing for world dominance. This competition is becomeing increasingly tense eg. Huawei, Military confrontation in the S. China sea...

foreign aid that must be spent in the country providing the aid

Time-Space Compression

Heightened connectivity changes our conception of time, distance and potential barriers to the migration of people, goods, money and information. As travel times fall due to new inventions, different places approach each other in 'space-time': they begin to feel closer together than in the past. This is also called the 'shrinking world effect'.

Time-Space Divergence

The concept that if we do what is needed to alleviate the climate change effects such as stopping oil extraction, distances will take longer to travel as less flights and other modes of transport will be possible.

TNC corporate social responsibility

The process of businesses being accountable for their economic, social and environmental impacts. Hence aiming to produce in fair working conditions, using sustainable sources and mitigating their climate impacts.

TNC revenues vs GDP of states eg's

International companies often have bigger revenues than entire countries.

TOC-Transnational Organised Crime

Crime units/groups that are not localised in one area and span multiple countries, like an iligal TNC of sorts. They are responsible for most of the illigal trade (drugs, human traffiking, counterfits...)

Top Down (Trickle Down) Development

The positive impacts on peripheral regions (poorer people) caused by the creation of wealth in core regions (wealthier people)

Type of intergovernemntal agreement, where trade barries and tarrfis are removed. A key trading bloc is the European Union.

Traidcraft is a UK-based Fairtrade organisation, established in 1979, which sells fairly traded products in the United Kingdom; and a development charity called Traidcraft Exchange that works with poor producers in Africa and Asia.

Transboundary Pollution

The movement of waste across borders. Was banned by the UN but that is being ignored constantly. China used to take a large majority of the world's trash, but has recently started to stop (especially with the UK)

A type of virus that attacks your computer then starts to monitor your keystrokes, can know your password.

All of the policies which Presidant Donald Trump stands for incl: Nationalism , populism, reshoring,

Unfreind Coal Greenpeace vs Facebook

Greenpeace launched a campaign starting with a viral video in an attempt to stop facebook using coal. Previously facebooks servers were located and powered in the US with most of the energy coming from coal, this raised enviromental issues and thanks to widespread awareness and complaints facebook conceded and moved its servers to sweden where almost all energy is renewable and less coolling is required.

This is an example of the rising movement of Nationalisation (also demonstrated by the popular campaign for the Front National in France). Trump, the president of the USA, is trying to push through his plans of building a giant border wall between Mexico and the United States (to have less illegal imigrants).

Past superpowers of the Cold War in particular, both had the biggest nuclear arsenals, and maintained control of many proxy states in a bipolar world. This power has shifted from Russia towards China, the huge emerging economy; where USA & China relations are now degrading.

Venezuela is an active member of the anti-globalization movement. Chavez (former president) Chavez believes it is a western idea that needs to be avoided, and accuses corporations of seeking to maximize profit at the expense of sabotaging work safety conditions, labor hiring standards, environmental conservation principles, and the integrity of national legislative authority. Average import tariff of 12 percent added. His goals are to keep as much at home as possible and share the country's wealth more widely between all Venezuelans, seeking to put emphasis on the common man. Success of this method is yet to be determined.

Virtual private network

a GPS navigation software app owned by Google. It works on smartphones and tablet computers that have GPS support. It provides turn-by-turn navigation information and user-submitted travel times and route details, while downloading location-dependent information over a mobile telephone network.

Welsh Nationalism

Welsh nationalism emphasises the distinctiveness of Welsh language, culture, and history, and calls for more self-determination for Wales, which might include more devolved powers for the Welsh Assembly or full independence from the United Kingdom.

the social process of becoming familiar with or converting to the customs and practices of Western civilization.

Whopper Virgins !

A documentary which shows cultural diffusion whereby isolated, off the grid people were made to taste a Mcdonalds and a Burger King hamburger and asked to choose their favorite. These people were happy to try something new and experience new culture.

Widening the panama Canal

also known as the third set of locks project doubled the capacity of the panama canal by adding a new traffic lane allowing larger ships to pass through. New ships expected to pass through (panamax) are expected to be able to carry twice as much cargo before.

An independent, non-profit online media organization that publishes submissions of otherwise unavailable documents from anonymous sources launched in 2006 by the sunshine press

The world bank provides advice, loans and grants ib a global scale. It aims to reduce poverty and to promote economic devlopment. The world bank can impose strict conditions on its loans and grants. Its critics descirbe it as 'neo-colonialism'

A fear or hatred of strangers or foreigners or of anything that is strange or foreign

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