(a) For each $\mathrm{OH}$ group in open-chain glucose, indicate if it is primary, secondary, or tertiary. (b) Does tyrosine contain an ortho-, meta-, or para-substituted aromatic ring?
(c) How many amino acids are in a pentapeptide? How many molecules of water were lost when it was formed?
(d) Based on what you know about the hydrolysis of disaccharides, if a person has high blood sugar levels, do you think it would be better for this person to cut down on lactose or maltose? Why?

Write the formula for the triacylglycerol formed from
(a) glycerol and butanoic acid
(b) glycerol and one molecule each of stearic $\left(\mathrm{C}_{17} \mathrm{H}_{35} \mathrm{COOH}\right)$, palmitic $\left(\mathrm{C}_{15} \mathrm{H}_{31} \mathrm{COOH}\right)$, and myristic $\left(\mathrm{C}_{13} \mathrm{H}_{27} \mathrm{COOH}\right)$ acids

What change in oxidation state is experienced by the carbon in the combustion of sugar, $\mathrm{C}_{12} \mathrm{H}_{22} \mathrm{O}_{11}$, to $\mathrm{CO}_2$ ?

How can you discern the difference between an amino acid and an ordinary carboxylic acid?

What is the empirical formula for monosaccharides?

Use molecular structure to explain the following:

(a) Fructose is a ketone.
(b) Glucose is an aldehyde.

What is the function of enzymes in the body?

What is meant by enzyme specificity?

Differentiate between the lock-and-key and induced-fit models for enzyme function.

Calculate the nuclear binding energy of ${ }_{26}^{56} \mathrm{Fe}$. Mass data:

$${ }_{26}^{56} \mathrm{Fe}=55.9349 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mol}$$

$$\mathrm{n}=1.0087 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mol} \quad \mathrm{e}^{-}=0.00055 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mol}$$

$$\mathrm{p}=1.0073 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mol} \quad 1.0 \mathrm{~g}=9.0 \times 10^{13} \mathrm{~J}$$

(a) $4.8 \times 10^{13} \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{mol}$
(b) $56.4651 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mol}$
(c) $0.5302 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mol}$
(d) $4.9 \times 10^{15} \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{mol}$

Which of the common amino acids have more than one carboxyl group? Which have more than one amino group?

(a) Carboxypeptidase $\mathrm{A}$ is a digestive enzyme. A zine ion is necessary for enzyme activity. What is the zinc ion called?
(b) Some RNA strands also show enzymatic activity but DNA does not. What are two structural differences between RNA and DNA?
(c) Do you think we have radioactive isotopes in our bodies? Explain.

What is the name of the bond that bonds one $\alpha$-amino acid to another in a protein?

How are polypeptides numbered? Number the polypeptide in Question 67.