a. How do both people and animals learn responses through classical conditioning? b. How do generalization and discrimination help people and animals adapt to their environments? c. Which application of classical conditioning do you think is most likely to be unpleasant? Why?

How are generalization and discrimination related to classical conditioning?

Do you think only people with certain personality traits use defensive coping methods, or do you think anyone might use them from time to time? Support your answer.

How do organizational systems help the mind store memories? How do they help the mind retrieve memories?

a. What is the basic difference between positive and negative reinforcers? b. How does a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement differ from a fixed-ratio schedule? c. What is your opinion about the use of punishment as a method of altering behavior?

a. What are the six steps of the PQ4R method? b. Briefly explain the purpose of each step in the PQ4R method. c. Why do you think an active approach to learning can help people learn and retain information more effectively?