A nonvolatile organic compound $Z$ was used to make up two solutions. Solution $\mathrm{A}$ contains $5.00 \mathrm{~g}$ of $\mathrm{Z}$ dissolved in $100 \mathrm{~g}$ of water, and solution B contains $2.31 \mathrm{~g}$ of $Z$ dissolved in $100 \mathrm{~g}$ of benzene. Solution $\mathrm{A}$ has a vapor pressure of $754.5 \mathrm{mmHg}$ at the normal boiling point of water, and solution B has the same vapor pressure at the normal boiling point of benzene. Calculate the molar mass of $\mathrm{Z}$ in solutions $\mathrm{A}$ and $\mathrm{B}$ and account for the difference.

Chlorisondamine chloride $\left(\mathrm{C}_{14} \mathrm{H}_{20} \mathrm{Cl}_{6} \mathrm{N}_{2}\right)$ is a drug used in the treatment of hypertension. A 1.28-g sample of a medication containing the drug was treated to destroy the organic material and to release all the chlorine as chloride ion. When the filtered solution containing chloride ion was treated with an excess of silver nitrate, 0.104 g silver chloride was recovered. Calculate the mass percent of chlorisondamine chloride in the medication, assuming the drug is the only source of chloride.

Write a Lewis formula for each of the following organic molecules: (a) $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{Cl}$ (vinyl chloride: starting material for the preparation of PVC plastics) (b) $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{HBrClF}_{3}$ (halothane: a nonflammable inhalation anesthetic; all three fluorines are bonded to the same carbon) (c) $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{2} \mathrm{F}_{4}$ (Freon 114: formerly used as a refrigerant and as an aerosol propellant; each carbon bears one chlorine)

In a typical fireworks device, the heat of the reaction between a strong oxidizing agent, such as $\mathrm{KClO}_4$, and an organic compound excites certain salts, which emit specific colors. Strontium salts have an intense emission at $641 \mathrm{~nm}$, and barium salts have one at $493 \mathrm{~nm}$.
(b) What is the energy (in kJ) of these emissions for $5.00 \mathrm{~g}$ each of the chloride salts of $\mathrm{Sr}$ and $\mathrm{Ba}$? (Assume that all the heat released is converted to light emitted.)

A nonvolatile organic compound $\mathrm{Z}$ was used to make up two solutions. Solution $\mathrm{A}$ contains $5.00 \mathrm{~g}$ of $\mathrm{Z}$ dissolved in $100 \mathrm{~g}$ of water, and solution $\mathrm{B}$ contains $2.31 \mathrm{~g}$ of $\mathrm{Z}$ dissolved in $100 \mathrm{~g}$ of benzene. Solution $\mathrm{A}$ has a vapor pressure of $754.5 \mathrm{mmHg}$ at the normal boiling point of water, and solution $\mathrm{B}$ has the same vapor pressure at the normal boiling point of benzene. Calculate the molar mass of $\mathrm{Z}$ in solutions $\mathrm{A}$ and $\mathrm{B}$, and account for the difference.

Under co nstant-volume conditions, the heat of combustion of ben zoic acid

$$(C_6H_5COOH)$$

is 26.38 kJ / g. A 2.760-g sample of benzoic acid is burned in a bomb calorimeter. The temperature of the calorimeter increases from 21.60 to

$$29.93 ^ { \circ } \mathrm { C }$$

A 1.440-g sample of a new organic substance is combusted in the same calorimeter. The temperature of the calorimeter increases from 22.14 to

$$27.09 ^ { \circ } \mathrm { C }$$

What is the heat of combustion per gram of the new substance?

Match the term with the following definitions.

Stolon

a. An induction process for inflorescence development

b. A turfgrass stem that grows horizontally aboveground

c. A cool-season turfgrass that is very drought tolerant

d. A wide-leaf blade

e. A cool-season turfgrass used on putting greens

f. A turfgrass stem that grows horizontally below ground

g. A buildup of organic matter on the soil around turfgrass plants

h. A complete fertilizer

i. Light application of water to a turfgrass

j. Vegetative establishment

Naturalmaid processes organic milk into plain yogurt. Naturalmaid sells plain yogurt to hospitals, nursing homes, and restaurants in bulk, one-gallon containers. Each batch, processed at a cost of $800, yields 600 gallons of plain yogurt. Naturalmaid sells the one-gallon tubs for$7 each and spends $0.16 for each plastic tub. Naturalmaid has recently begun to reconsider its strategy. Naturalmaid wonders if it would be more profitable to sell individual-size portions of fruited organic yogurt at local food stores. Naturalmaid could further process each batch of plain yogurt into 12,800 individual portions (3/4 cup each) of fruited yogurt. A recent market analysis indicates that demand for the product exists. Naturalmaid would sell each individual portion for$0.54. Packaging would cost $0.07 per portion, and fruit would cost$0.11 per portion. Fixed costs would not change. Requirement

1. Should Naturalmaid continue to sell only the gallon-size plain yogurt (sell as is), or convert the plain yogurt into individual-size portions of fruited yogurt (process further)? Why?

A neighborhood has come together to make a community garden out of a 30 -square-foot plot of land between two houses and in it, they grow organic tomatoes and squash. It costs them $\$ 10$ to grow a square foot of the tomatoes and $15 to grow a square foot of the squash each month. They are able to raise $360 each month to cover the costs of growing the vegetables. The profit for each square foot of tomatoes is$\$15$ and the profit for each square foot of squash is $\$ 20$. How many square feet of each vegetable should be grown in order to maximize the community’s profit?

Devise a synthesis of the ketone hexan-3-one, $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{COCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$, from $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Br}$ as the only organic starting material; that is, all the carbon atoms in hexan-3-one must come from $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Br}$. You may use any other needed reagents.

A consumer group wants to test the effectiveness of a new “organic” laundry detergent and make recommendations to customers about how to best use the product. They intentionally get grass stains on 30 white T-shirts in order to see how well the detergent will clean them. They want to try the detergent in cold water and in hot water on both the “regular” and “delicates” wash cycles. Design an appropriate experiment, indicating the number of factors, levels, and treatments. Explain the role of randomization in your experiment.

The half-life of carbon-14 is about 5700 years.
a. You find a piece of cloth painted with organic dye. By analyzing the dye, you find that only 77% of the carbon-14 originally in the dye remains. When was the cloth painted?
b. A well-preserved piece of wood found at an archaeological site has 6.2% of the carbon-14 it must have had when it was living. Estimate when the wood was cut.
c. Is carbon14 useful for establishing Earth’s age? Why or why not?

Over the course of a year, a researcher took water samples from three areas in a forest with a stream running through it. Each sample was analyzed for the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (mg/L), with the results presented in the following table.

$$\begin{matrix} \text{Organic}\\ \text{22.74} & \text{6.51} & \text{14.90} & \text{9.72} & \text{17.90} & \text{14.00} & \text{11.40} & \text{16.87}\\ \text{29.80} & \text{8.81} & \text{14.86} & \text{19.80} & \text{18.30} & \text{7.40} & \text{5.30} & \text{15.42}\\ \text{27.10} & \text{5.29} & \text{15.91} & \text{14.86} & \text{5.2} & \text{17.50} & \text{15.72} & \text{22.49}\\ \text{16.51} & \text{20.46} & \text{15.35} & \text{8.09} & \text{11.90} & \text{10.30} & \text{20.46}\\ \end{matrix}$$

$$\begin{matrix} \text{Mineral}\\ \text{8.50} & \text{10.30} & \text{5.50} & \text{8.05} & \text{3.02} & \text{21.40} & \text{16.92} & \text{9.10} & \text{7.85} & \text{12.89}\\ \text{3.91} & \text{11.56} & \text{4.71} & \text{10.72} & \text{7.45} & \text{8.37} & \text{4.60} & \text{7.90} & \text{9.11} & \text{9.81}\\ \text{9.29} & \text{7.00} & \text{7.66} & \text{21.82} & \text{11.33} & \text{7.92} & \text{8.50} & \text{11.72} & \text{8.79}\\ \text{21.00} & \text{3.99} & \text{11.72} & \text{22.62} & \text{7.11} & \text{17.90} & \text{4.80} & \text{4.85} & \text{9.6}\\ \text{10.89} & \text{3.79} & \text{11.80} & \text{10.74} & \text{17.99} & \text{7.31} & \text{4.90} & \text{11.97} & \text{12.57}\\ \end{matrix}$$

$$\begin{matrix} \text{Surface}\\ \text{10.83} & \text{6.30} & \text{12.40} & \text{19.19} & \text{19.78} & \text{12.27} & \text{16.82} & \text{16.12} & \text{8.69}\\ \text{8.74} & \text{6.68} & \text{10.30} & \text{13.14} & \text{20.56} & \text{16.47} & \text{10.70} & \text{15.77} & \text{10.46}\\ \text{9.20} & \text{7.34} & \text{10.48} & \text{12.51} & \text{17.93} & \text{15.03} & \text{16.00} & \text{6.4} & \text{16.23}\\ \text{8.12} & \text{9.52} & \text{12.88} & \text{15.76} & \text{14.28} & \text{14.53} & \text{20.70} & \text{14.19} & \text{15.43}\\ \text{7.60} & \text{11.94} & \text{19.01} & \text{10.96} & \text{13.11} & \text{12.04} & \text{13.70} & \text{13.89}\\ \end{matrix}$$

Each sample was categorized according to the water type collected. Water was collected from streams (surface water), groundwater was collected from organic soil, and groundwater was collected from mineral soil. The researcher wanted to determine if the distributions of concentration of dissolved organic carbon were the same for each collection area. (a) State the null and alternative hypotheses. (b) The sums of the ranks in each category are as follows:

$$\begin{matrix} \text{ } & \text{Organic} & \text{Mineral} & \text{Surface}\\ \text{Sample size} & \text{31} & \text{47} & \text{44}\\ \text{Sum of ranks} & \text{2355.5} & \text{2119.5} & \text{3028}\\ \end{matrix}$$

(a) Scanning through Figure $42.19$ in order of increasing atomic number, notice that the electrons usually fill the subshells in such a way that those subshells with the lowest values of $n+\ell$ are filled first. If two subshells have the same value of $n+\ell$, the one with the lower value of $n$ is generally filled first. Using these two rules, write the order in which the subshells are filled through $n+\ell=7$.
(b) Predict the chemical valence for the elements that have atomic numbers $15$,$47 ,$ and $86$ , and compare your predictions with the actual valences (which may be found in a chemistry textbook).