A spadefoot toad tadpole that develops in a rapidly drying pond is likely to eat many of its brothers and sisters. How can eating its siblings, which share half of an individual's genes, be favored by natural selection?

Are embryos persons? On what do you base your view?

In photosynthesis what form of energy is sunlight converted to and how is this energy stored?

When researchers compared gene expression in normal breast cells and cells from breast cancers, they found that the genes showing the most significant differences in expression encoded signal receptors. Explain why this result is not surprising.

Three pairs of genes with two alleles each (A$_{1}$ and A$_{2}$, B$_{1}$ and B$_{2}$, and C$_{1}$ and C$_{2}$) control the height of a plant. The alleles of these genes have an additive relationship: each copy of alleles A$_{1}$, B$_{1}$, and C$_{1}$ contributes $6$ cm to plant height, and each copy of alleles A$_{2}$, B$_{2}$, and C$_{2}$ contributes $3$ cm.

a. What are the expected heights of plants with each of the homozygous genotypes A$_{1}$A$_{1}$B$_{1}$B$_{1}$C$_{1}$C$_{1}$ and A$_{2}$A$_{2}$B$_{2}$B$_{2}$C$_{2}$C$_{2}$?

b. What height is expected in the F1 progeny of a cross between A$_{1}$A$_{1}$B$_{1}$B$_{1}$C$_{1}$C$_{1}$ and A$_{2}$A$_{2}$B$_{2}$B$_{2}$C$_{2}$ C$_{2}$?

c. What is the expected height of a plant with the genotype A$_{1}$A$_{2}$B$_{2}$B$_{2}$C$_{1}$C$_{2}$?

d. Identify all possible genotypes for plants with an expected height of $33$ cm.

e. Identify the number of different genotypes that are possible with these three genes.

f. Identify the number of different phenotypes (expected plant heights) that are possible with these three genes.

An inheritance of $25,000 is divided among three investments yielding a total of$1275 in interest per year. The interest rates for the three investments are 4.5%, 5%, and 8%. The amounts invested at 5% and 8% are $4000 and$10,000 less than the amount invested at 4.5%, respectively. Find the amount invested at each rate.

To find genes that are turned on or off in response to changes in osmolarity (the total concentration of solutes in solution), you grow a culture of E. coli in a medium with high osmolarity and another culture in a medium with low osmolarity. You now perform RNA-Seq analysis on each culture. It is possible that osmotic changes may induce a general stress response that may be seen with other stresses as well (for example, heat shock). How could you distinguish the genes that might be involved in a general stress response from those that are specific for the osmolarity change?

An inheritance of $\$24,000$ is to be divided among three trusts, with the second trust receiving twice as much as the first trust. The three trusts pay interest at the rates of $9\%$, $10\%$, and $6\%$ annually respectively, and return a total in interest of $\$2210$ at the end of the first year. How much was invested in each trust?

A eukaryotic donor gene is likely to be expressed in a prokaryotic host organism if (a) the donor gene is a promoter gene (b) the donor gene is transferred along with the genes that turn it on $(c)$ the donor gene is placed beside a gene that is not expressed (d) all of these.

A DNA library is a. an orderly array of all the genes within an organism. b. a collection of vectors. c. the collection of plasmids found within a single E. coli. d. a collection of DNA fragments representing the entire genome of an organism.

Match the terms with the definitions. Some terms may not be used.

a. codicil

b. estate

c. estate tax

d. gift tax

e. inheritance $\operatorname{tax}$

f. power of attorney

g. probate

h. reverse mortgage

i. trust

j. will

___ A legal document authorizing someone to act on your behalf

A pink-flowering plant is of genotype RW. If two such plants are crossed, we obtain a red plant (RR) with probability .25, a pink plant (RW or WR) with probability .50, and a white plant (WW) with probability .25, as shown in the table. What is the expected number of W genes present in a crossing of this type?

$$\begin{matrix} \text{Number of W Genes Present} & \text{}\\ \text{}{x_{i}} & \text{}{p_{i}}\\ \text{0} & \text{.25}\\ \text{1} & \text{.50}\\ \text{2} & \text{.25}\\ \end{matrix}$$

With regard to heterosis, would the following statements be consistent with the dominance hypothesis, the overdominance hypothesis, or both?
A. Strains that have been highly inbred have become monomorphic for one or more recessive alleles that are somewhat detrimental to the organism.
B. Hybrid vigor occurs because highly inbred strains are monomorphic for many genes, whereas hybrids are more likely to be heterozygous for those same genes.
C. If a gene exists in two alleles, hybrids are more vigorous because heterozygosity for the gene is more beneficial than homozygosity of either allele.