a. What are two main ways in which soil organisms contribute to soil formation?

b. Give examples of three types of decomposers and describe their effects on soil.

c. What would happen to the fertility of a soil if all decomposers were removed? Explain.

Match the definitions below with the correct vocabulary term from the Study Guide.

The movement of a shoreline seaward as sea level falls.

Which gyre would have clockwise circulation: the North Pacific, the South Pacific, the South Atlantic, or the Indian Ocean? Explain.

Assume that arrow A represents prevailing winds in a Northern Hemisphere ocean. Which arrow—A, B, or C—best represents the surface-ocean current in this region? Explain.

a. List three main uses of minerals and two main uses of rocks.

b. What is an ore?

c. Explain the steps that must take place before an ore can be made into a product.

a. What are two factors that affect the rate of weathering?

b. A granite monument is placed outside for 200 years in a region with a cool, dry climate. What would its rate of weathering be? Explain.

The type of plate boundary that causes tremors and earthquakes in California is __________.

All of the following are volcanic hazards except ___________.

A. lahars

B. volcanic bombs

C. ash flows

D. ash falls

E. smoke

Infer the composition of magma that fueled the A.D. 79 eruption of Mount Vesuvius that buried the town of Pompeii.

The mineral calcite forms large, glassy crystals that can be scratched by a copper penny. Would calcite be useful as a gemstone? Explain.

a. Write a definition of the rock cycle.

b. What must happen for any rock in the rock cycle to form sedimentary rock?

c. Begin with an igneous rock and explain how it could change through two more steps in the rock cycle.

In the rock cycle diagram, what does the letter B represent?

A melting

B cooling and hardening

C heat and pressure

D formation of sediment

The process that splits rock through freezing and thawing is called

a. erosion.

b. chemical weathering.

c. ice wedging.

d. abrasion.

What unit is used to measure the discharge volume of the stream? (1) kilometers per hour (2) cubic meters per second (3) centimeters per minute (4) meters per square meter