All cells contain an enzyme called peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase, and cells that are deficient in the enzyme grow very slowly. What is the probable function of the enzyme and why is it necessary?

Palermo Inc. purchased 80 percent of the outstanding stock of Salina Ranching Company, located in Australia, on January 1, 20X3. The purchase price in Australian dollars (A$) was A$200,000, and A$40,000 of the differential was allocated to plant and equipment, which is amortized over a 10-year period. The remainder of the differential was attributable to a patent. Palermo Inc. amortizes the patent over 10 years. Salina Ranching's trial balance on December 31, 20X3, in Australian dollars is as follows:$

$$\begin{array}{lrr} & \textbf{Debits} & \textbf{Credits}\\ \\ \text{Cash} & \text{A\$\hspace{5pt}44,100}\\ \text{Accounts Receivable (net)} &72,000\\ \text{Inventory} & 86,000\\ \text{Plant \& Equipment} & 240,000\\ \text{Accumulated Depreciation} && \text{A\$\hspace{5pt}60,000}\\ \text{Accounts Payable} && 53,800\\ \text{Payable to Palermo Inc.} && 10,800\\ \text{Interest Payable} &&3,000\\ \text{12\\\% Bonds Payable} &&100,000\\ \text{Premium on Bonds} &&5,700\\ \text{Common Stock} && 90,000\\ \text{Retained Earnings} &&40,000\\ \text{Sales} && 579,000\\ \text{Cost of Goods Sold} &330,000\\ \text{Depreciation Expense} & 24,000\\ \text{Operating Expenses} & 131,500\\ \text{Interest Expense} & 5,700\\ \text{Dividends Paid} &9,000\\ \hline \text{Total} & \underline{\underline{\text{A\$942,300}}} & \underline{\underline{\text{A\$942,300}}}\\ \end{array}$$

$$**Additional Information** 1. Salina Ranching uses average cost for cost of goods sold. Inventory increased by A\$20,000 during the year. Purchases were made uniformly during 20X3. The ending inventory was acquired at the average exchange rate for the year. 2. Plant and equipment were acquired as follows:$$

$$\begin{array}{lr} \textbf{Date} & \textbf{ Cost } \\ \\ \text{January 20X1} & \text{A\$180,000} \\ \text{January 1, 20X3} & 60,000 \\ \end{array}$$

$3. Plant and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method and a 10-year life with no residual value.

4. The payable to Palermo is in Australian dollars. Palermo's books show a receivable from Salina Ranching of$6,480.

5. The 10-year bonds were issued on July 1, 20X3, for A$106,000. The premium is amortized on a straight-line basis. The interest is paid on April 1 and October 1.

6. The dividends were declared and paid on April 1.

7. Exchange rates were as follows:

$$\begin{array}{lr} & \textbf{A\$ \hspace{10pt} \$} \\ \text{January 20X1} & 1 = 0.93\\ \text{August 20X1} & 1 = 0.88\\ \text{January 1, 20X3} & 1 = 0.70\\ \text{April 1, 20X3} & 1 = 0.67\\ \text{July 1, 20X3} & 1 = 0.64\\ \text{December 31, 20X3} & 1 = 0.60\\ \text{20X3 average} & 1 = 0.65\\ \end{array}$$

Assume that the Australian dollar (AS) is the functional currency and that Palermo uses the fully adjusted equity method for accounting for its investment in Salina Ranching. A December 31, 20X3, trial balance for Palermo Inc. follows. Use this translated trial balance for completing this problem.

$$\begin{array}{lrr} \textbf{Item} & \textbf{Debit} & \textbf{Credit}\\ \\ \text{Cash} & \$\hspace{10pt}38,000\\ \text{Accounts Receivable (net)} & 140,000\\ \text{Receivable from Salina Ranching} & 6,480\\ \text{Inventory} & 128,000\\ \text{Plant \& Equipment} &500,000\\ \text{Investment in Salina Ranching} & 152,064\\ \text{Cost of Goods Sold} & 600,000\\ \text{Depreciation Expense} & 28,000\\ \text{Operating Expenses} & 204,000\\ \text{Interest Expense} & 2,000\\ \text{Dividends Declared} & 50,000\\ \text{Translation Adjustment} & 22,528\\ \text{Accumulated Depreciation} && \$\hspace{10pt}90,000\\ \text{Accounts Payable} && 60,000\\ \text{Interest Payable} && 2,000\\ \text{Common Stock} &&500,000\\ \text{Retained Earnings, January 1, 20X3} &&179,656\\ \text{Sales} && 1,000,000\\ \text{Income from Subsidiary} &&39,416\\ \hline \text{Total} & \underline{\underline{\$1,871,072}} & \underline{\underline{\$1,871,072}}\\ \end{array}$$

Required

Prepare a set of elimination entries, in general journal form, for the entries required to prepare a comprehensive consolidation worksheet (including other comprehensive income) as of December 31, 20X3.

Wild-type E. coli cells can synthesize all 20 common amino acids, but some mutants, called amino acid auxotrophs, are unable to synthesize a specific amino acid and require its addition to the culture medium for optimal growth. Besides their role in protein synthesis, some amino acids are also precursors for other nitrogenous cell products. Consider the three amino acid auxotrophs that are unable to synthesize glycine, glutamine, and aspartate, respectively. For each mutant, what nitrogenous products other than proteins would the cell fail to synthesize?

What do we call the amino acids that humans can synthesize?

Adult humans synthesize large amounts of ATP in the course of a day, but their body weights do not change significantly. In the same time period, the structures and compositions of their bodies also do not change appreciably. Explain this apparent contradiction.

List all possible codons present in a ribonucleotide polymer containing U and G in random sequence. Which amino acids are encoded by this RNA?

Explain why a minimum of $32$ tRNAs are required to translate the "standard" genetic code.

"All proteins are enzymes." True or false

Vanillin, $\mathrm{C}_8 \mathrm{H}_8 \mathrm{O}_3$, occurs naturally in vanilla extract and is used as a flavoring agent. A 39.1-mg sample of vanillin was dissolved in $168.5 \mathrm{mg}$ of diphenyl ether, $\left(\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_5\right)_2 \mathrm{O}$. What is the molality of vanillin in the solution?

Vanillin is the flavoring agent in vanilla extract and in vanilla ice cream. Its structure is shown here:
Give values for the three bond angles indicated.

What is nitrate anion?

In this reaction, does NO$_2$ $^{+}$ acts like a Lewis acid, Lewis base, Bronsted acid or Bronsted base?

A. Lewis acid
B. Lewis base
C. Bronsted acid
D. Bronsted base
E. Lewis acid and Bronsted acid

The rms speed is the (a) speed at which all the gas molecules move. (b) speed of a molecule with the average kinetic energy. (c) average speed of the gas molecules. (d) maximum speed of the gas molecules.

It has been proposed that residue A$2486$ is protonated and therefore stabilizes the tetrahedral reaction intermediate. Is this mechanistic embellishment consistent with the observed pH effect? Explain.