An octahedral complex with three different ligands (A, B, and $C$ ) can have formulas with three different ratios of the ligands: $\left[\mathrm{MA}_4 \mathrm{BC}\right]^{n+}, \quad$ such as $\left[\mathrm{Co}\left(\mathrm{NH}_3\right)_4\left(\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}\right) \mathrm{Cl}\right]^{2+}$ $\left[\mathrm{MA}_3 \mathrm{~B}_2 \mathrm{C}\right]^{n+}$, such as $\left[\mathrm{Cr}\left(\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}\right)_3 \mathrm{Br}_2 \mathrm{Cl}\right]$ $\left[\mathrm{MA}_2 \mathrm{~B}_2 \mathrm{C}_2\right]^{n+}$, such as $\left[\mathrm{Cr}\left(\mathrm{NH}_3\right)_2\left(\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}\right)_2 \mathrm{Br}_2\right]^{+}$ For each example, give the name, state the type(s) of isomerism present, and draw all isomers.

Explain the observed trend in the melting points for four isomers of molecular formula

$$\mathrm { C } _ { 7 } \mathrm { H } _ { 16 }.$$

$$\begin{array}{l} \mathrm { CH } _ { 3 } \mathrm { CH } _ { 2 } \mathrm { CH } _ { 2 } \mathrm { CH } \left( \mathrm { CH } _ { 3 } \right) \mathrm { CH } _ { 2 } \mathrm { CH } _ { 3 } \\ \mathrm { CH } _ { 3 } \mathrm { CH } _ { 2 } \mathrm { CH } _ { 2 } \mathrm { CH } _ { 2 } \mathrm { CH } \left( \mathrm { CH } _ { 3 } \right) _ { 2 } \\ \mathrm { CH } _ { 3 } \mathrm { CH } _ { 2 } \mathrm { CH } _ { 2 } \mathrm { CH } _ { 2 } \mathrm { CH } _ { 2 } \mathrm { CH } _ { 2 } \mathrm { CH } _ { 3 } \\ ( \mathrm { CH } _ { 3 } ) _ { 2 } \mathrm { CHC } ( \mathrm { CH } _ { 3 } ) _ { 3 } \end{array} \quad \begin{array} { l } {\text{mp} \left( ^ { \circ } C \right) } \\ { - 119 } \\ { - 118 } \\ { - 91 } \\ { - 25 } \\ {} \end{array}$$

Two isomers (A and B) of a given compound dimerize as follows:

$$\begin{array} { l } { 2 \mathrm { A } \longrightarrow \mathrm { A } _ { 2 } } \\ { 2 \mathrm { B } \longrightarrow \mathrm { B } _ { 2 } } \end{array}$$

Both processes are known to be second order in the reactant, and $k _ { 1 }$ is known to be $0.250\ \mathrm { L }\ \mathrm { mol } ^ { - 1 }\ \mathrm { s } ^ { - 1 }$ at $25 ^ { \circ } \mathrm { C }.$ In a particular experiment A, and B were placed in separate containers at $25 ^ { \circ } \mathrm { C } ,$ where $[ \mathrm { A } ] _ { 0 } = 1.00 \times 10 ^ { - 2 }\ \mathrm { M }$ and $[ \mathrm { B } ] _ { 0 } = 2.50 \times 10 ^ { - 2 }\ \mathrm { M } .$ After each reaction had progressed for 3.00 min, [A] = 3.00[B]. In this case the rate laws are defined as follows:

$$\text {Rate} = - \frac { d [ \mathrm { A } ] } { d t } = k _ { 1 } [ \mathrm { A } ] ^ { 2 } \\ \text {Rate} = - \frac { d [ \mathrm { B } ] } { d t } = k _ { 2 } [ \mathrm { B } ] ^ { 2 }$$

Calculate the concentration of $\mathrm { A } _ { 2 }$ after 3.00 min.

Which of these pairs are not isomers?

(a) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{OCH}_2 \mathrm{Cl}$ and $\mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{ClCH}_2 \mathrm{OH}$
(b) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{CHO}$ and $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{OCH}_2 \mathrm{CH}_3$
(c) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{OCH}_2 \mathrm{OCH}_3$ and $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}(\mathrm{OH}) \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{OH}$
(d) $\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_4\left(\mathrm{CH}_3\right)_2$ and $\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_5 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{CH}_3$

What is the function of the validity scales in the MMPI-2?

\left[$\mathrm{Pt}$\left($\mathrm{NH}$_3\right)_2 $\mathrm{Cl}$_2\right]$is found to exist in two geometric isomers designated I and II, which react with oxalic acid as follows:$ $$ \begin{gathered} \mathrm{I}+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{O}_4 \longrightarrow\left[\mathrm{Pt}\left(\mathrm{NH}_3\right)_2 \mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{O}_4\right] \\ \mathrm{II}+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{O}_4 \longrightarrow\left[\mathrm{Pt}\left(\mathrm{NH}_3\right)_2\left(\mathrm{HC}_2 \mathrm{O}_4\right)_2\right] \end{gathered} $$ $Comment on the structures of$ $\mathrm{I} and$ $$ \mathrm{II}$. $$

Tell whether the compounds of each pair are enantiomers, diastereomers, constitutional isomers, or nor isomeric. (a)

$$\begin{matrix} \quad & \text{CHO}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \text{H} & \text{---------} & \text{OH}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \text{H} & \text{---------} & \text{OH}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \quad & CH_2OH\\ \end{matrix}$$

and

$$\begin{matrix} \quad & \text{CHO}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \text{HO} & \text{---------} & \text{H}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \text{H} & \text{---------} & \text{OH}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \quad & CH_2OH\\ \end{matrix}$$

(b)

$$\begin{matrix} \quad & \text{CHO}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \text{HO} & \text{---------} & \text{H}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \text{H} & \text{---------} & \text{OH}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \quad & CH_2OH\\ \end{matrix}$$

and

$$\begin{matrix} \quad & \text{CHO}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \text{H} & \text{---------} & \text{OH}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \text{HO} & \text{---------} & \text{H}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \quad & CH_2OH\\ \end{matrix}$$

(c)

$$\begin{matrix} \quad & \text{CHO}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \text{H} & \text{---------} & \text{OH}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \text{H} & \text{---------} & \text{OH}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \quad & CH_2OH\\ \end{matrix}$$

and

$$\begin{matrix} \quad & \text{CHO}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \text{HO} & \text{---------} & \text{H}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \text{HO} & \text{---------} & \text{H}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \quad & CH_2OH\\ \end{matrix}$$

(d)

$$\begin{matrix} \quad & CH_2OH\\ \quad & \mid\\ \text{H} & \text{---------} & \text{OH}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \text{H} & \text{---------} & \text{OH}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \quad & \text{CHO}\\ \end{matrix}$$

and

$$\begin{matrix} \quad & \text{CHO}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \text{HO} & \text{---------} & \text{H}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \text{HO} & \text{---------} & \text{H}\\ \quad & \mid\\ \quad & CH_2OH\\ \end{matrix}$$

What is the function of the validity scales in the MMPI- 2?

You work in the diabetes mellitus (DM) center at a large teaching hospital. The first patient you meet is K.W., a 25-year-old Hispanic woman, who was just released from the hospital 2 days ago after being diagnosed with type I OM. Nine days ago K.W. went to see the physician after a 1-month history of frequent urination, thirst, severe fatigue, blurred vision, and some burning and tingling in her feet. She attributed those symptoms to working long hours at the computer. Her random glucose level was 410 mg/dl . The next day her laboratory va lues were as follows: fasting glucose 335 mg/dl, hemoglobin A1 c (HbA1 c) 8.8percent cholesterol 310 mg/dl, triglycerides 300 mg/dl, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) 25 mg/dl , low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 160 mg/dl, ratio 12.4, and creatinine 0.9 mg/dl. Her body mass index is 37.6. Her blood pressure (BP) is 160/96 mm Hg. She was admitted to the hospital for control of her glucose levels and the initiation of insulin therapy with carbohydrate (CHO) counting. After discharge, K.W. has been referred to you for comprehensive education. You are to cover four basic areas: pharmacotherapy, glucose monitoring, medical nutrition therapy (MNT), and exercise.

K.W. says she knows people who "only take 2 shots" because they are on NPH and regular insulin and wants to know why she can't do th at. Explain the advantages of using the glargine (Lantus) and lispro (Humalog) insulin regimen

$\left[\mathrm{Pt}\left(\mathrm{NH}_3\right)_2 \mathrm{Cl}_2\right]$ is found to exist in two geometric isomers designated I and II, which react with oxalic acid as follows:

$$\begin{aligned} \mathrm{I}+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{O}_4 & \longrightarrow\left[\mathrm{Pt}\left(\mathrm{NH}_3\right)_2 \mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{O}_4\right] \\ \mathrm{II}+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{O}_4 & \longrightarrow\left[\mathrm{Pt}\left(\mathrm{NH}_3\right)_2\left(\mathrm{HC}_2 \mathrm{O}_4\right)_2\right] \end{aligned}$$

Comment on the structures of I and II.

Social psychologists often do experiments in the laboratory instead of the field, to:

a. increase internal validity

b. increase external validity

c. conduct a meta-analysis

d. decrease psychological realism

(a) Comment on the fact that, of the group 1 cations, $\mathrm{Li}^{+}$is the most strongly solvated in aqueous solution, even though the first coordination shell only contains four $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}$ molecules compared with six for each of the later members of the group. (b) Suggest how ligand $7.30$ coordinates to $\mathrm{Ru}^{2+}$ in the 6-coordinate complex $\left[\operatorname{Ru}(7.30)_2\right]^{2+}$. How many chelate rings are formed in the complex? C1CSCCSCCS1 (7.30) (c) For $\left[\mathrm{Au}(\mathrm{CN})_2\right]^{-}$, the stability constant $K \approx 10^{39}$ at $298 \mathrm{~K}$. Write an equation that describes the process to which this constant refers, and calculate $\Delta G^{\circ}(298 \mathrm{~K})$ for the process. Comment on the magnitude of the value you obtain. This cyanide complex is used in the extraction of gold from its ore using the reactions:

$$\begin{aligned} & 4 \mathrm{Au}+8[\mathrm{CN}]^{-}+\mathrm{O}_2+2 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O} \\ & \Rightarrow 4\left[\mathrm{Au}(\mathrm{CN})_2\right]^{-}+4[\mathrm{OH}]^{-} \\ & 2\left[\mathrm{Au}(\mathrm{CN})_2\right]^{-}+\mathrm{Zn} \cdots\left[\mathrm{Zn}(\mathrm{CN})_4\right]^{2-}+2 \mathrm{Au} \\ & \end{aligned}$$

What processes take place in this extraction process?

What is the validity of a test? How is the validity of a test determined?

The automobile fuel called E85 consists of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoli ne. E85 can be used in the so-called flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs), which can use gasoline, ethanol, or a mixas fuels. Assume that gasoline consists of a mixture of octanes (different isomers of

$$C_8H_{18})$$

, that the average h eat of combustion of

$$C_8H_{18}(I)$$

is 5400 k.J / mol, and that gasoline has an average density of 0. 70 g/ mL. The density of ethanol is 0. 79 g/ mL. Assume that the density and heat of combustion of E85 can be obtained by using 85% of the values for ethanol and 15% of the values for gasoline. How much en ergy could be released by the combustion of 1.0 L of E85?