Analyze and evaluate the importance and efforts of the Americans in gaining international support during the Revolutionary War.

Which TWO of the following statements best express historical argumentation?

Dunning's view of Reconstruction was grounded in racial beliefs that almost no one accepts today.

Analyze and evaluate the importance and efforts of the Confederate States in gaining international support during the Civil War.

"Though we have had war, reconstruction, and abolition as a nation, we still linger in the shadow and blight of an extinct institution. Though the colored man is no longer subject to be bought and sold, he is still surrounded by an adverse sentiment ... In his downward course he meets no resistance, but his course upward is resented and resisted at every step of his progress ... .

"If liberty, with us, is yet but a name, our citizenship is but a sham, and our suffrage thus far only a cruel mockery, we may yet congratulate ourselves upon the fact that the laws and institutions of the country are sound, just, and liberal. There is hope ... But until this nation shall make its practice accord with its Constitution and its righteous laws, it will not do to reproach the colored people of this country."

-Frederick Douglass, Speech, September $24, 1883$

Which of the following would in part cause Douglass's view that for African Americans, "citizenship is but a sham"?

(A) fourteenth Amendment

(B) Black Codes

(C ) Freedmen's Bureau

(D) Election of Ulysses S. Grant

To what extent did Manifest Destiny and territorial expansion unite or divide the United States from one thousand eight hundred and thirty to one thousand eight hundred and sixty?

"It is apparent to my mind that the President thoroughly believed the tenure-of­ office act to be unconstitutional and void. He was so advised by every member of his cabinet ....

"This was a punitive statute. It was directed against the President alone. It interfered with the prerogatives of his department as recognized from the foun­- dation of the Government. ... This Government can only be preserved and the liberty of the people maintained by preserving intact the co-ordinate branches of it - legislative, executive, judicial-alike. I am no convert to any doctrine of the omnipotence of Congress.

"I cannot agree to destroy the ... Constitution for the sake of getting rid of an Unacceptable President."

-Senator James W. Grimes, Iowa, statement on the trial of Andrew Johnson, $1868$

"This is one of the last great battles with slavery .... this monstrous power has found a refuge in the Executive Mansion, ... Andrew Johnson is the imperson­- ation of the tyrannical slave power ....

"The veto power conferred by the Constitution ... was turned by him into a weapon of offence against Congress. . . . Laws enacted by Congress for the benefit of the colored race, including ... the Freedmen's Bureau, and ... Civil Rights, were first attacked by his veto .... he boldly attempted to prevent the adoption of a constitutional amendment, by which the right of citizens and the national debt were placed under the guarantee of irrepealable law."

-Senator Charles Sumner, Massachusetts, statement on the trial of Andrew Johnson, Congressional Globe, $1868$

Using the excerpts, answer a, b, and c.

a) Briefly explain the main point of Excerpt 1.

b) Briefly explain the main point of Excerpt 2.

c) Provide ONE piece of evidence from the period $1865$ to $1868$ that is not included in the excerpts and explain how it supports the interpretation in either excerpt.

How does Vaughn (source 2) depict power relations and social hierarchy among the Powhatans? Where does Pocahontas fit in with this hierarchy? What messages about Pocahontas do you think Van de Pass (source 5) intended to convey? How do these images contribute to the Pocahontas myth?

What can you infer about cultural values among Mississippian peoples from source 1? About the cultural values of the Spanish and Portuguese from sources 5 and 6? What can't you infer from these objects?

"It is apparent to my mind that the President thoroughly believed the tenure-of­ office act to be unconstitutional and void. He was so advised by every member of his cabinet ....

"This was a punitive statute. It was directed against the President alone. It interfered with the prerogatives of his department as recognized from the foun­- dation of the Government. ... This Government can only be preserved and the liberty of the people maintained by preserving intact the co-ordinate branches of it - legislative, executive, judicial-alike. I am no convert to any doctrine of the omnipotence of Congress.

"I cannot agree to destroy the ... Constitution for the sake of getting rid of an Unacceptable President."

-Senator James W. Grimes, Iowa, statement on the trial of Andrew Johnson, $1868$

"This is one of the last great battles with slavery .... this monstrous power has found a refuge in the Executive Mansion, ... Andrew Johnson is the imperson­- ation of the tyrannical slave power ....

"The veto power conferred by the Constitution ... was turned by him into a weapon of offence against Congress. . . . Laws enacted by Congress for the benefit of the colored race, including ... the Freedmen's Bureau, and ... Civil Rights, were first attacked by his veto .... he boldly attempted to prevent the adoption of a constitutional amendment, by which the right of citizens and the national debt were placed under the guarantee of irrepealable law."

-Senator Charles Sumner, Massachusetts, statement on the trial of Andrew Johnson, Congressional Globe, $1868$

Using the excerpts, answer a, b, and c.

a) Briefly explain the main point of Excerpt 1.

b) Briefly explain the main point of Excerpt 2.

c) Provide ONE piece of evidence from the period $1865$ to $1868$ that is not included in the excerpts and explain how it supports the interpretation in either excerpt.

"1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States . . are citizens ... No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens ... nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process; nor deny ... equal protection of the laws.

"2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States ... count­ ing the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election ... thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants ... being twenty-one years of age, and citizens ... or in any way abridged, except for ... crime, ... the basis of representation therein shall be reduced ... .

"3. No person shall ... hold any office ... who, having previously taken an oath . . . shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same ... But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability."

-14th Amendment, Constitution of the United States, July $9, 1868$

In proclaiming that all persons born in the United States were citizens, the fourteenth Amendment directly repudiated which of the following?

(A) Compromise of $1850$

(B) Dred Scott Decision

(C ) Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

(D) Wade-Davis Bill

Analyze and evaluate the motivation and rationale behind the Manifest Destiny expansion that took began in the United States in the one thousand eight hundred and forty .

a. How were President Roosevelt's leadership skills reflected in the Square Deal and in his handling of the miners' strike? b. Why did reformers support the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act? How did these acts help consumers? c. Trace the development of the conservation movement in the early 1900s.

Support Ideas with Evidence

What were black codes, and how did they limit the rights of African Americans in the South?

In what ways did American business change during the postwar period?