Analyze how twin studies help to differentiate the effects of genetic and environmental influences.

Summarize how a scientist might use a karyotype to study genetic disorders.

Trait $\mathrm{X}$ displays $98 \%$ concordance in both monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Do these concordances suggest that trait $\mathrm{X}$ is influenced by (a) genetic factors; (b) environmental factors; or (c) both genetic and environmental factors? Explain your reasoning.

Construct a family pedigree of two unaffected parents with a child who suffers from cystic fibrosis.

What is the chance of producing a son with normal vision if the father is color-blind and the mother is homozygous normal for the trait? Explain.

If a high percentage of ____ but not ____ express a trait, there is a strong chance that the trait is ____.

Behavioral geneticists use twin and adoption studies to estimate the relative contributions of individual differences in genes and environment.

Explain how twin studies and adoption studies are used in the field of behavioral genetics.

Explain the type of inheritance associated with Huntington’s disease and achondroplasia.

Create a karyotype of a female organism in which 2n = 8 showing trisomy of chromosome 3.

Why might missing sections of the X or Y chromosome be a bigger problem in males than deletions would be in one of the X chromosomes in females?

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a recessive genetic disorder. If both parents are carriers, what is the probability of this couple having a child with PKU? What is the chance of this couple having two children with PKU?

Can two parents with albinism have an unaffected child? Explain.

Sickle cell anemia trait can be diagnosed with a simple blood test. Some people are afraid to have this test done. List some of the factors that influence people’s opinions regarding this test.