Apply collision theory to explain why collisions between two reacting particles do not always result in the formation of a product.

In the band theory of bonding for solids, what is a band gap? How does the band gap differ in metals, semiconductors, and insulators?

For each compound, draw the Lewis structure, determine the geometry using VSEPR theory, determine whether the molecule is polar, identify the hybridization of all interior atoms, and make a sketch of the molecule, according to valence bond theory, showing orbital overlap. a. $COF_2$ (carbon is the central atom) b. $S_2Cl_2 (ClSSCl)$ c. $SF_4$

State two principles from Dalton’s atomic theory that have been revised as new information has become available.

Indiana University professors investigated first-year college students’ knowledge of astronomy ( Astronomy Education Review, Vol. 2, 2003). One concept of interest was the Big Bang theory of the creation of the universe. In a sample of 148 freshmen students, 37 believed that the Big Bang theory accurately described the creation of planetary systems. Based on this information, would you be willing to state that more than 20% of all freshmen college students believe in the Big Bang theory? How confident are you of your decision?

A hydrogen atom is in its first excited state $(n=2)$. Using the Bohr theory of the atom, calculate (e) the potential energy

Apply collision theory to explain why foods usually spoil more slowly when refrigerated than at room temperature.

Explain the Forster and Lavie experiment on how processing capacity and perceptual load determine distraction. Define the load theory of attention.

Phosphorus trifluoride, $\mathrm{PF}_3$, has $\mathrm{F}-\mathrm{P}-\mathrm{F}$ bond angles of $97.8^{\circ}$. (a) How would VB theory use hybrid orbitals to explain these data? (b) How would VB theory use unhybridized orbitals to account for these data? (c) Do either of these models work very well?

In terms of the kinetic molecular theory, in what ways are liquids similar to solids? In what ways are liquids different from solids?

Conduction of an electric current is a general property associated with metals. How does the band theory for metallic bonding explain conductivity?

According to the correspondence principle, (a) new theory must agree with old theory where they overlap. (b) Newton's mechanics is as valid as Einstein's mechanics. (c) relativity equations apply to high speeds while Newton's equations apply to low speeds. (d) special relativity and general relativity are two sides of the same coin.

Describe some of the ways in which Anna Freud, Heinz Kohut, and Melanie Klein extended and modified traditional Freudian theory.

Newton's particle theory of light is unable to account for which phenomenon? (a) propagation (b) reflection (c) radiation pressure (d) diffraction