Calculation of Body Mass Index A portly biochemistry professor weighs $260 \mathrm{lb}$ (118 $\mathrm{kg})$ and is 5 feet 8 inches $(173 \mathrm{~cm}$ ) tall. What is his body mass index? How much weight would he have to lose to bring his body mass index down to 25 (normal)?

Thermogenesis Caused by Thyroid Hormones is intimately involved in regulating the basal metabolic rate. Liver tissue of animals given excess thyroxine shows an increased rate of $\mathrm{O}_2$ consumption and increased heat output (thermogenesis), but the ATP concentration in the tissue is normal. Different explanations have been offered for the thermogenic effect of thyroxine. One is that excess thyroxine causes uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. How could such an effect account for the observations? Another explanation suggests that thermogenesis is due to an increased rate of ATP utilization by the thyroxine-stimulated tissue. Is this a reasonable explanation? Why or why not?

Excessive Amounts of Insulin Secretion: Hyperinsulinism Certain malignant tumors of the pancreas cause excessive production of insulin by $\beta$ cells. Affected individuals exhibit shaking and trembling, weakness and fatigue, sweating, and hunger.
(a) What is the effect of hyperinsulinism on the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids by the liver?
(b) What are the causes of the observed symptoms? Suggest why this condition, if prolonged, leads to brain damage.

Metabolic Differences between Muscle and Liver in a "Fight-or-Flight" Situation When an animal confronts a "fight-or-flight" situation, the release of epinephrine promotes glycogen breakdown in the liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. The end product of glycogen breakdown in the liver is glucose; the end product in skeletal muscle is pyruvate.
(a) What is the reason for the different products of glycogen breakdown in the two tissues?
(b) What is the advantage to an animal that must fight or flee these specific glycogen breakdown routes?

Water-Soluble versus Lipid-Soluble Hormones On the basis of their physical properties, hormones fall into one of two categories: those that are very soluble in water but relatively insoluble in lipids (e.g., epinephrine) and those that are relatively insoluble in water but highly soluble in lipids (e.g., steroid hormones). In their role as regulators of cellular activity, most water-soluble hormones do not enter their target cells. The lipid-soluble hormones, by contrast, do enter their target cells and ultimately act in the nucleus. What are the correlation between solubility, the location of receptors, and the mode of action of these two classes of hormones?

Peptide Hormone Activity Explain how two peptide hormones as structurally similar as oxytocin and vasopressin can have such different effects.

Give a structure for an optically inactive compound $A$ $\left(\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_{10} \mathrm{O}_4\right)$, that can be resolved into enantiomers and has the following NMR spectra: ${ }^{13} \mathrm{C}$ NMR: $\delta 13.5, \delta 41.2, \delta 177.9$ proton NMR: $\delta 1.13(6 H, \mathrm{~d}, J=7 \mathrm{~Hz}) ; \delta 2.65$ ( $2 H$, quintet, $J=7 \mathrm{~Hz}) ; \delta 9.9\left(2 \mathrm{H}\right.$, broad s, disappears after $\mathrm{D}_2 \mathrm{O}$ shake)

Give the structure of an isomer of compound A that has a different melting point than A and NMR spectra that are almost identical to those of A.

Electron Transfer to a Hill Reagent

Isolated spinach chloroplasts evolve $\mathrm{O}_2$ when illuminated in the presence of potassium ferricyanide (a Hill reagent), according to the equation

$$2 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}+4 \mathrm{Fe}^{3+} \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}_2+4 \mathrm{H}^{+}+4 \mathrm{Fe}^{2+}$$

where $\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}$ represents ferricyanide and $\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}$, ferrocyanide. Is NADPH produced in this process? Explain.

The enzyme inorganic pyrophosphatase contributes to making many biosynthetic reactions that generate inorganic pyrophosphate essentially irreversible in cells. By keeping the concentration of PP$_i$ very low, the enzyme "pulls" these reactions in the direction of PP$_i$ formation. The synthesis of ADP-glucose in chloroplasts is one reaction that is pulled in the forward direction by this mechanism. However, the synthesis of UDP-glucose in the plant cytosol, which produces PP$_i$, is readily reversible in vivo. How do you reconcile these two facts?

How important was World War II in the formation of Wilson's identity as both an American and an African American? Were these identities for him overlapping, distinct, or contradictory?

In a car rental company 's fleet, 70% of the cars are American brands, 20% are Japanese, and the rest are German. The company notes that manufacturers' recalls seem to affect 2% of the American cars, but only 1% of the others.

What's the probability that a recalled car is American?

Write a function, removeAt, that takes three parameters: an array of integers, the number of elements in the array, and an integer (say, index). The function should delete the array element indicated by index. If index is out of range or the array is empty, output an appropriate message. (Note that after deleting the element, the number of elements in the array is reduced by 1.) Assume that the array is unsorted.

Refer to the earlier exercise that tackled the number of people in an American household. What's the probability that a randomly selected American household has 5 or fewer people?

What is the description of the BASC 3 behavioral symptoms index?