Causes ocean warming and $\mathrm{pH}$ reduction, leading to coral bleaching.

Causes large areas of little to no oxygen in the Chesapeake Bay and the Gulf of Mexico.

Introduced species often become pests because they
a. produce only a few young after a long period of gestation.
b. inhabit only niches that have recently become available after the local extinction of another species.
c. can live in many niches, easily adapt to many variables, and eat a wide variety of food.
d. have low genetic variability, enabling them to live in a wide variety of habitats.
e. increase biodiversity because they attract more species to the areas in which they settle.

Everyone can contribute to mitigating global climate change by considering actions they take every day. Find a simple online carbon footprint calculator. Calculate all or part of the annual carbon footprint for yourself and your household. Then, identify one change your household can make to reduce its carbon footprint. Discuss the change you identified that could be made in your household. What are the potential drawbacks of making this change?

Suppose it was discovered that the genetic diversity of a bacteria species responsible for disease in mice was declining. What is a likely outcome(s) of this decline? I. Loss of ecosystem resilience, II. Increase in disease prevalence, III. Loss of regulating services. (a) II only, (b) III only, (c) I and II, (d) I and III, (e) I, II, and III.

Which of the below factors is NOT a primary determining factor for whether an organism is found on the surface or in the middle of the water column in the ocean?
a. Temperature
b. Dissolved oxygen
c. Availability of light
d Salinity
e. Nutrient availability

Biological extinction occurs when
a. a species becomes extinct in a specific area, such as the gray wolf in the American northeast.
b. a species found nowhere on earth, such as the passenger pigeon.
c. additional species are preyed upon, such as when bats adapt their echolocation ability to hear the moths whose ears had adapted to hear the sound frequencies of bats.
d. there is a loss of indicator species, such as when the population of butterflies quickly declines in an area where they previously had been plentiful.
e. an event such as a volcanic eruption results in some members of a species becoming separated from other members, and ultimately each group becomes genetically different and can no longer interbreed and produce offspring who can interbreed.

Where are photosynthetic organisms least likely to be found?
a. In estuaries, where freshwater and saltwater mix and where there are many nutrients
b. In the euphotic zone, with low nutrient levels and high oxygen levels
c. In the abyssal zone, which is very cold and with little dissolved oxygen, where many organisms live and feed upon dead and decaying organic particles
d. In the intertidal zone, where organisms must adapt to alternating high and low tides, as well as changing salinity levels
e. In coral reefs, because the coral uses all the light and nutrients to survive

If you were in the role of a decision maker, how might you balance your desire to protect biodiversity around the world with the high cost of preserving biodiversity in any given location?

Cape Cod juts out from the Eastern coast of North America. This current keeps the waters off Cape Cod very cool.

The best example of biomagnification is
a. nutrients from a nearby farm are washed into a pond, resulting in an increase of algae and a loss of oxygen, and eventually a dead zone.
b. after wolves were domesticated, people chose to breed individuals who had characteristics they desired, resulting in a wide variety of dog breeds with different abilities and physical appearances.
c. individual elephants had traits that enabled them to better survive in their habitat and they became more likely to produce offspring with that same trait, which enabled the offspring to survive and reproduce.
d. DDT was a pesticide that was used universally during the $1950s$ and $1960s$. This chemical entered the food chain and worked its way up, eventually making the eggs of predatory birds so fragile they could not successfully reproduce.
e. a road is built, fragmenting a forest and exposing the animals to introduced species, local climate changes, and disease.

Which best describes genetically modified crops (GMOs)?
a. Genes are spliced from one plant species into another plant species.
b. Planting a variety of crops in the same area such as native grass, grains, and sunflowers.
c. Used mostly in tropical developing countries, crops such as bananas, coffee, and sugar cane are grown on large plantations and sold to developed countries.
d. Fishes are grown in underwater cages and protected from pest species.
e. Plants are not grown in soil, but instead their roots are in nutrient-filled water so they are protected from pests that would otherwise damage them.

Industrialized meat production has harmful environmental consequences. These include all of the following EXCEPT
a. the use of large amounts of energy.
b. contributing to the eutrophication of the Gulf of Mexico.
c. contributing to global warming.
d. polluting the air, water, and soil with manure.
e. natural control of pests.

Most extinction experts believe that the extent of biodiversity loss will increase over the next $50$ to $100$ years because of
a. the projected growth of the world's human population and resource use per person.
b. the increase due to poaching and the demand for endangered species.
c. the reduced input of solar energy cooling the planet and altering the earth's life.
d. natural disease processes.
e. less fragmentation of biodiverse regions.