Compare and contrast linkage analysis and genome-wide association studies. How are they similar? How are they different?

Why is interference important? Why do we calculate it in a three-point cross? Why don't we calculate interference in a two-point cross?

Make a list of each main phase of the Moon, describing roughly when the Moon rises and sets for each phase. During which phase can you see the Moon in the middle of the morning? In the middle of the afternoon?

Discuss why a genetic disease might have a particular age of onset. Would an infectious disease have an age of onset? Explain why or why not.

Using sickle cell disease as an example, describe the similarities and differences between the terms genetic disease and molecular disease. How are molecular or genetic diseases different from diseases that are caused by an infectious organism such as a bacterium?

(a) How does the phenomenon of red shift provide evidence of an expanding universe? (b) A scientist observes blue shift in the edge of a rotating galaxy. What can you conclude about the galaxy's movement?

The recombination frequency between genes $a$ and $b$ is $20 \%$. What is the frequency of crossing over between genes $a$ and $b$ ? Explain your reasoning.

How have gender roles changed since 1950?

How would you test to see if two genes are linked?

Suppose that you want to sequence the following DNA fragment:
5'-TCCCGGGAAA-primer site-3'
You first use PCR to amplify the fragment, so that there is sufficient DNA for sequencing. You carry out dideoxy sequencing and then separate the products of the sequencing reactions by gel electrophoresis. Draw the bands that should appear on the gel from the four sequencing reactions.

How would you test to see if two genes are linked?

Is it possible to have a recombination frequency of $80 \%$ between two genes? Is it possible for two genes to be separated by 80 map units? Why or why not?

What is the difference between genes in coupling configuration and genes in repulsion? How does the arrangement of linked genes (whether they are in coupling or repulsion) affect the results of a genetic cross?

A geneticist selects for increased body weight in a population of fruit flies that she is raising in her laboratory. She measures body weight in her population and selects the five heaviest males and the five heaviest females and uses them as the parents for the next generation. From the progeny produced by these parents, she selects the five heaviest males and five heaviest females and mates them. She repeats this procedure each generation. The average body weight of flies in the original population was $1.1$ mg. The flies respond to selection, and their body weight steadily increases. After $20$ generations of selection, the average body weight is $2.3$ mg. However, after about $$ generations, the response to selection in subsequent generations levels off, and the average body weight of the flies no longer increases. At this point, the geneticist takes a long vacation; while she is gone, the fruit flies in her population interbreed randomly. When she returns from vacation, she finds that the average body weight of the flies in the population has decreased to $2.0$ mg.\ Provide an explanation for why the response to selection leveled off after $20$ generations. Why did the average size of the fruit flies decrease when selection was no longer applied during the geneticist’s vacation? $$