Convert $0.045$ to an equivalent percentage.

A quality control engineer selects every 10,000th M&M plain candy that is produced. Does this sampling plan result in a random sample? A simple random sample? Explain.

Refer to the data in the table below. The $x$-values are weights (in pounds) of cars; the y-values are the corresponding highway fuel consumption amounts (in mi/gal).

$$\begin{aligned} &\text { Car Weights and Highway Fuel Consumption Amounts }\\ &\begin{array}{l|r|r|r|r|r} \hline \text { Weight (lb) } & 4035 & 3315 & 4115 & 3650 & 3565 \\ \hline \text { Highway Fuel Consumption (mi/gal) } & 26 & 31 & 29 & 29 & 30 \\ \hline \end{array} \end{aligned}$$

If we use statistical methods to conclude that there is a correlation (or relationship or association) between the weights of cars and the amounts of fuel consumption, can we conclude that adding weight to a car causes it to consume more fuel?

Convert $0.127$ to an equivalent percentage.

What is $37 \%$ of 500?

Convert $23.4 \%$ to an equivalent decimal.

Convert the fraction $5/8$ to an equivalent percentage.

Decide which of the four levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) is most appropriate.

Voltage measurements from the author's home.

Pharmacists typically fill prescriptions by scooping a sample of pills from a larger batch that is in stock. A pharmacist thoroughly mixes a large batch of Lipitor pills, then selects 30 of them. Does this sampling plan result in a random sample? A simple random sample? Explain.

Refer to the data in the table below. The $x$-values are weights (in pounds) of cars; the y-values are the corresponding highway fuel consumption amounts (in mi/gal).

$$\begin{aligned} &\text { Car Weights and Highway Fuel Consumption Amounts }\\ &\begin{array}{l|r|r|r|r|r} \hline \text { Weight (lb) } & 4035 & 3315 & 4115 & 3650 & 3565 \\ \hline \text { Highway Fuel Consumption (mi/gal) } & 26 & 31 & 29 & 29 & 30 \\ \hline \end{array} \end{aligned}$$

Comment on the source of the data if you are told that car manufacturers supplied the values. Is there an incentive for car manufacturers to report values that are not accurate?

Use critical thinking to address the key issue. In a letter to the editor in the New York Times, Moorestown, New Jersey, resident Jean Mercer criticized the statement that "putting infants in the supine position has decreased deaths from SIDS." SIDS refers to sudden infant death syndrome, and the supine position is lying on the back with the face upward. She suggested that this statement is better: "Pediatricians advised the supine position during a time when the SIDS rate fell." What is wrong with saying that the supine position decreased deaths from SIDS?

Identify which of these types of sampling is used: random, systematic, convenience, stratified, or cluster.

In a Gallup poll, 1003 adults were called after their telephone numbers were randomly generated by a computer, and $20 \%$ of them said that they get news on the Internet every day.

Decide whether the given values are from a discrete or continuous data set.

A car is randomly selected at a traffic safety checkpoint, and the car has 6 cylinders.

Refer to the data in the table below. The $x$-values are weights (in pounds) of cars; the y-values are the corresponding highway fuel consumption amounts (in mi/gal).

$$\begin{aligned} &\text { Car Weights and Highway Fuel Consumption Amounts }\\ &\begin{array}{l|r|r|r|r|r} \hline \text { Weight (lb) } & 4035 & 3315 & 4115 & 3650 & 3565 \\ \hline \text { Highway Fuel Consumption (mi/gal) } & 26 & 31 & 29 & 29 & 30 \\ \hline \end{array} \end{aligned}$$

Given the context of the car measurement data, what issue can be addressed by conducting a statistical analysis of the values?