Cost of Massage Therapy Sessions. The Wall Street Journal reported on several studies that show massage therapy has a variety of health benefits and it is not too expensive. A sample of 10 typical one-hour massage therapy sessions showed an average charge of $\$ 59$. The population standard deviation for a one-hour session is $\sigma=\$ 5.50$.

b. Using $95 \%$ confidence, what is the margin of error?

State Farm Insurance studies show that in Colorado, 55% of the auto insurance claims submitted for property damage were submitted by males under 25 years of age. Suppose 10 property damage claims involving automobiles are selected at random. What is the expected number of claims made by males under age 25? What is the standard deviation of the r-probability distribution?

A study was conducted to investigate racial disparity in clinical trials of cancer. Among the randomly selected participants, 644 were white, 23 were Hispanic, 69 were black, 14 were Asian/Pacific Islander, and 2 were American Indian/Alaskan Native. The proportions of the U.S. population of the same groups are 0.757, 0.091, 0.108, 0.038, and 0.007, respectively. Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that the participants fit the same distribution as the U.S. population. Why is it important to have proportionate representation in such clinical trials?

Since 1976 the Nurses' Health Study has followed more than 100,000 nurses. Every two years, the nurses fill out a questionnaire about their habits and their health. Results from this study indicated that postmenopausal women have a reduced risk of heart disease if they take a hormone replacement drug.

a. Suppose the hormone-replacement drug actually has no effect. Identify a potential lurking variable that could explain the results of the observational study. (Hint : Suppose that the women who took the drug tended to be more conscientious about their personal health than those who did not take it.)

b. Recently a randomized experiment called the Women's Health Initiative was conducted by the National Institutes of Health to see whether hormone therapy is truly helpful. The study, planned to last for eight years, was stopped after five years when analyses showed that women who took hormones had 30% more heart attacks. This study suggested that rather than reducing the risk of heart attacks, hormone replacement drugs actually increase the risk. How is it that two studies could reach such different conclusions? (For attempts to reconcile the studies, see a story by Gina Kolata in The New York Times, April 21 , 2003.)

c. Explain why randomized experiments, when feasible, are preferable to observational studies.

In 2007, the FDA announced that the popular drug Zelnorm used to tr eat irritable bowel syndrome was withdrawn from the market , citing concerns about serious side effects. The analysis of several studies revealed that 13 of 11,614 patients receiving the drug had a serious side effect such as heart attack or stroke, compared to just 1 out of 7,031 on placebo.

Compute the odds ratio and interpret.

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) conducts studies on unemployment rates by country and publishes its findings in the document Main Economic Indicators. Independent random samples of 100 and 75 people in the civilian labor forces of Finland and Denmark, respectively, revealed 7 and 3 unemployed, respectively, Find a 95% confidence interval for the difference between the unemployment rates in Finland and Denmark.

The director of graduate studies at a large college of business has the objective of predicting the grade point average (GPA) of students in an MBA program. The director begins by using the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) score. A sample of 20 students who have completed two years in the program is selected and stored in GPIGMAT.

At the 0.05 level of significance, is there evidence of a linear relationship between GMAT score and GPA?

Which complementary therapies are most easily learned and applied by a nurse? (Select all that apply.)

1. Massage therapy
2. Traditional Chinese medicine
3. Progressive relaxation
4. Breathwork and guided imagery
5. Therapeutic touch

Throughout the country, the proportion of first-time, first-year community college students who return for their second year of studies is 0.52 according to the Community College Survey of Student Engagement. Suppose a community college institutes new policies geared toward increasing student retention. The first year of this policy there were 2843 first-time, first-year students of which 1516 return ed for their second year of studies. Treat these students as a random sample of all first-time, first-year students. Do a statistically significant higher proportion of students return for their second year under this policy? Use the $\alpha$=0.1 level of significance. Would you say the results are practically significant? In other words, do you believe the results are significant enough that other community colleges might consider emulating these same policies?

When Lux studies her psychology terms, she tries to tie each concept into something she already knows. She thinks about the meaning of the concept rather than just saying the words over and over. Which of the following best explains Lux's approach to encoding memories? a. information-processing model b. levels-of-processing model c. selective attention d. maintenance rehearsal

For each of the items below, triple underline any lowercase letter that should be capitalized. Then, put a slash mark through any uppercase letter that should not be capitalized.

Example 1. My $\cancel{\text{A}}$unt Bertha worked for the $\underset{ \underset{\_}{\_}}{}$ red $\underset{ \underset{\_}{\_}}{}$ cross for many years.

13. Most Juniors take English, social studies III, and a course in Science.

Ministry of Natural Resources could study the effects on bats, butterflies, migratory birds. and aquatic species. The studies are now close to completion. allowing a number of wind farm projects to seek approval once again. Research the various stakeholders and their viewpoints. Stakeholders may include, but are not limited to, residents of the area, government, and electric generation companies. What are some expenses for developing an offshore wind energy project?

How will the following changes affect the natural rate of unemployment?

The government reduces the time during which an unemployed worker can receive benefits.

Identify at least one potential source of bias in the following studies. Explain why the bias would or would not affect your view of the study.

Based on a survey of $2718$ people, the National Opinion Research Center concluded that $32 \%$ of Americans always make a special effort to sort and recycle glass, cans, plastic, or papers. Twenty-four percent of Americans often make such an effort.