Describe how the structure of the chloroplast relates to its function in photosynthesis.

Why is O2 necessary for human life? Where does the CO2 we breathe out come from?

What ensures that the correct amino acid is added during translation?

Post-translational modifications of proteins can affect which of the following? a. protein function, b. transcriptional regulation, c. chromatin modification, d. all of the above.

What are some types of posttranslational modification of proteins?

Some bacteria reduce metal ions or other inorganic substances. Is this behavior a clue that these organisms are chemoautotrophs? Explain.

Which reaction in photosynthesis is inhibited by oxygen? Construct a graph that compares the effect of oxygen on $C_3$ and $C_4$ photosynthesis.

Why does the Calvin cycle not operate at night?

Atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide have increased from $300$ parts per million (ppm) to almost $355$ ppm in recent years. What will be the effect of this increase on photosynthesis and growth in $C_3$ plants? In $C_4$ plants?

Are the light reactions necessary in the mesophyll cells of $C_4$ plants? Explain the reasons for your answer.

What are the products of the light reactions, and how are they used?

Describe the location and function of the two systems of carbon dioxide fixation in $C_4$ plants.

What is the relationship between the light reactions and the carbon dioxide–fixing reactions of photosynthesis?

Some deep-earth bacteria consume petroleum or natural gas. Are these organisms chemoautotrophs?