Distinguish between a reversible and an irreversible process.

Explain the important distinctions between ideal gas and real gas.

A gas at constant temperature is confined to a cylinder with a movable piston. The piston is slowly pushed into the cylinder, decreasing the volume of the gas. The pressure increases. What are the variables in this experiment? F temperature and time G time and volume H volume and pressure J pressure and temperature

You have a gas at $25 ^ { \circ } \mathrm { C }$ confined to a cylinder with a movable piston. Which of the following actions would double the gas pressure? Lifting up on the piston to double the volume while keeping the temperature constant.

A gas at constant temperature is confined to a cylinder with a movable piston. The piston is slowly pushed into the cylinder, decreas ing the volume of the gas. The pressure increases. What are the variables in this experiment? A temperature and time, B time and volume, C volume and pressure, D pressure and temperature.

A volume v of gas is confined in a cylinder, one end of which is closed by a movable piston. If A is the area in square inches of the face of the piston and x is the distance in inches from the cylinder head to the piston, then v=Ax. The pressure of the confined gas is a continuous function p of the volume, and p(v)=p(Ax) will be denoted by f(x). Show that the work done by the piston in compressing the gas from a volume $v_1=A x_1$ to a volume $v_2=A x_2$ is

$$W=A \int_{x_2}^{x_1} f(x) d x$$

Hint: The total force on the face of the piston is $p(v) \cdot A=$ $p(A x) \cdot A=A \cdot f(x)$.

A 0.50 -mol sample of oxygen gas is confined at $0{ }^{\circ} C$ and 1.0 atm in a cylinder with a movable piston. The piston compresses the gas so that the final volume is half the initial volume and the final pressure is 2.2 atm. What is the final temperature of the gas in degrees Celsius?

Work on the following example. Heat loss for finite-length cylinder

Distinguish between a reversible and an irreversible process.

Steam at 400$^\circ{}$C has a specific bolume of 0.02 m^3/kg. Determine the pressure of the steam based on (a) the ideal-gas equation, (b) the generalized compressibility chart, and (c) the steam tables. Answers: (a) 15,529 kPa, (b) 12,574 kPa, (c) 12,515 kPa

A tank whose volume is unknown is divided into two parts by a partition. One side of the tank contains 0.03 m $^3$ of refrigerant 134 a that is a saturated liquid at 0.9 MPa, while the other side is evacuated. The partition is now removed, and the refrigerant fills the entire tank. If the final state of the refrigerant is 20 degree C and 280 kPa, determine the volume of the tank.

The measured volumetric flow rate of ethane at $10.0 \mathrm{~atm}$ absolute and $35^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is $1.00 \times 10^3 \mathrm{~L} / \mathrm{h}$. Using an estimated value of the second virial coefficient in the truncated virial equation (Equation 5.3-2), estimate the compressibility factor, $z$

A steam pipe is to transport 200 lbm/s of steam at 200 psia and 600$^\circ{}$F. Calculate the minimum diameter this pipe can gave so that the steam velocity does not exceed 59 ft/s. Answer: 3.63 ft

A rigid, nonconducting tank with a volume of $4 \mathrm{~m}^3$ is divided into two unequal parts by a thin membrane. One side of the membrane, representing $1 / 3$ of the tank, contains nitrogen gas at 6 bar and $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and the other side, representing $2 / 3$ of the tank, is evacuated. The membrane ruptures and the gas fills the tank.

Describe a reversible process by which the gas can be returned to its initial state. How much work is done? Assume nitrogen is an ideal gas for which $C_P=(7 / 2) R$ and $C_V=(5 / 2) R$.