Dr.Tabor wanted to investigate the relationship between sleep and levels of alertness. She gave surveys to 150 college freshmen in her introduction to psychology course, asking them to report how many hours they slept each night during a 2- week period. Each day at the end of class, Dr. Tabor also had the participants rate their level of alertness on a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being the most alert. Dr.Tabor compared the average amount of sleep reported by each participant along with their average score on the alertness scale on a graph to examine the data. The resulting correlation coefficient for Dr.Tabor's data was +0.89. Explain how each of the following concepts might apply to Dr.Tabor's research. • Random sample • Scatterplot • Working effects • Positive correlation • Operational definition

Which of the following groups of scores would have the smallest standard deviation? a. 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 b. 5, 15, 25, 35, 45 c. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 d. 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 e. 15, 30, 45, 60, 75

In a perfectly normal distribution of scores, which of the following statements is true? a. The mean, median, and mode are all the same number. b. The mode is equal to the standard deviation. c. The scores are positively correlated. d. The mean minus the mode equals the median. e. There is a positive skew to the distribution of data.

In thinking of the question of nature versus nurture, explain how each of the following schools of psychology would address this debate. -Behaviorism. -Biological perspective. -Personality psychologists. -Developmental psychologists.

Which of the following represents naturalistic observation? a. Researchers go to the mall and distribute surveys about the stores in the mall. b. Researchers bring participants into a laboratory to see how they respond to a puzzle with no solution. c. A principal looks at the relationship between the number of student absences and their grades. d. Researchers observe students seating patterns in the cafeteria. e. Two grandparents sit in the front row to watch their grandson's first piano recital.

Researchers wanted to find out if eating cookies would increase a person's ability to remember the names of U.S presidents. Thirty males and 30 females were used in the experiment. A third of these people (Group A) were given cookies while studying the names. Another third (Group B) were given nothing while studying the names. The final third (Group C) were given mint-flavored candy while studying the names. After gathering all their results, the researchers found that Group A did substantially better than Group B, but about the same as Group C. Which of the following are the experimental group(s) of this study? a. Group A b. Group B c. Group C d. Groups A & C e. Groups B & C

Which of the following is not an ethical principle regarding experimental research on humans? a. Researchers must protect participants from needless harm and discomfort. b. Participants must take part in the study on a voluntary basis. c. Personal information about individual participants must be kept confidential. d. Research studies must be fully explained to participants when the study is completed. e. Participants should always be informed of the hypothesis of the study before they agree to participate.

Which of the following is a positive correlation? a. As study time increases, students achieve lower grades. b. As levels of self-esteem decline, levels of depression increase. c. People who exercise regularly are more likely to be overweight. d. Gas mileage decreases as vehicle weight increases. e. Repeatedly shooting free throws in basketball is associated with a smaller percentage of missed free throws.

A researcher is conducting a study and wants to ensure that the sample chosen to participate will yield good results. • Why is it better to have a large sample of data instead of a small sample? • What happens to reliability as sample size increases?

The dependent variable in this study is

a. the mint candy.

b. the test scores.

c. the cookies.

d. eating any food.

e. the list of presidents.

Sam Greene noticed an ad for an Internet dating service that claimed more people who used its service are in long-term relationships than people who didn’t. Sam, a good critical thinker, knows this isn’t enough to claim that the service causes people to find long-term love and wants to create an experiment to investigate. Use the following terms to describe an experiment that would support or dispute the ad’s claim. -Hypothesis. -Random sample. -Random assignment. -Operational definitions. -Independent variable. -Dependent variable. -Inferential statistics.

Jacob's parents are encouraging him not to major in psychology because they worry he might not want to spend his life around mentally ill people. Help Jacob explain to his parents that psychologists do other types of work. by describing the specific focuses of each of the following types of psychologists: • Educational psychologists • Industrial-organizational psychologists • Forensic psychologists • Community psychologist

Which of the following is a potential problem with case studies? a. They provide too much detail and the researcher is likely to lose track of the most important facts. b. They are generally too expensive to be economical. c. They may be misleading because they don’t fairly represent other cases. d. They are technically difficult and most researchers don’t have the skills to do them properly. e. The dependent variable is difficult to operationally define in a case study.

"Monday morning quarterbacks" rarely act surprised about the outcome of weekend football games. This tendency to believe they knew how the game would turn out is best explained by which psychological principle? a. Overconfidence b. Hindsight bias c. Common sense d. Illusory correlation e. Random sampling