Each of the following passages contains a single argument. Using the letters “P” and “C,” identify the premises and conclusion of each argument, writing premises first and conclusion last. List the premises in the order in which they make the most sense (usually the order in which they occur), and write both premises and conclusion in the form of separate declarative sentences. Indicator words may be eliminated once premises and conclusion have been appropriately labeled. As the denial or perversion of justice by the sentences of courts, as well as in any other manner, is with reason classed among the just causes of war, it will follow that the federal judiciary ought to have cognizance of all causes in which the citizens of other countries are concerned.

Find the range, variance, and standard deviation for the given sample data. The blood alcohol concentrations of a sample of drivers involved in fatal crashes and then convicted with jail sentences are given below (based on data from the U.S. Department of Justice). When a state wages a campaign to “reduce drunk driving,” is the campaign intended to lower the standard deviation?

$$\begin{matrix} \text{0.27} & \text{0.17} & \text{0.17} & \text{0.16} & \text{0.13} & \text{0.24} & \text{0.29} & \text{0.24}\\ \text{0.14} & \text{0.16} & \text{0.12} & \text{0.16} & \text{0.21} & \text{0.17} & \text{0.18}\\ \end{matrix}$$

In each of 15 recent and consecutive years, 1,000,00 people in the United States were randomly selected and the number who were homicide victims was determined, with the results listed below. Are the proportions of homicides within statistical control? What does the control chart suggest about the trend? (The values are based on data from the U.S. Department of Justice, and they are the most recent values available at the time of this writing.)

$$\begin{array}{lllllllllllllll} 85 & 87 & 94 & 98 & 93 & 95 & 90 & 82 & 74 & 68 & 63 & 57 & 55 & 56 & 56 \end{array}$$

Match the definition in Column B with the word in Column A. Write the letter of the correct definition on the answer line.

Column A

irrevocable ______________

Column B

a. existing or occurring at the same time; an accompanying state, condition, or thing

b. still in existence; not destroyed, lost, or extinct

c. of, pertaining to, or typical of the earliest time or condition; primitive; remaining in a pure state

d. incapable of being changed, undone, or retracted; irreversible

e. a gap or interruption in space, time, or continuity

f. to make used to something undesirable, especially by prolonged subjection; accustom

g. the quality, state, or condition of being everlasting; time without end; eternity

h. the state or quality of passing into and out of existence; impermanence

i. a span of one thousand years; a hoped-for period of great joy, prosperity, and justice

j. an indefinitely long period of time; the longest division of geologic time, containing two or more eras

Read each of the following quotes from the biblical book Proverbs. Provide an argument why these quotes may or may not be called statements. (a) "A gentle answer turns away wrath."-Proverbs 15:1. (b) "A hot-tempered person stirs up conflict, but the one who is patient calms a quarrel."-Proverbs 15:18. (c) "When justice is done, it brings joy to the righteous but terror to evildoers."-Proverbs 21:15. (d) "Do not exploit the poor because they are poor and do not crush the needy in court."-Proverbs 22:22. (e) "Apply your heart to instruction and your ears to words of knowledge."-Proverbs 23:12.

The U.S. Bureau of Justice released the following probabilities for those arrested for committing various felony crimes in the United States:

$$\begin{aligned} &\text { Probability of Being }\\ &\begin{array}{lccc} \text { Crime } & \text { Prosecuted } & \text { Convicted } & \begin{array}{c} \text { Jailed for } \\ >1 \text { Year } \end{array} \\ \hline \text { Homicide } & 0.91 & 0.75 & 0.73 \\ \text { Assault } & 0.79 & 0.64 & 0.15 \\ \text { Burglary } & 0.88 & 0.81 & 0.28 \\ \text { Arson } & 0.88 & 0.72 & 0.28 \\ \text { Drug offenses } & 0.78 & 0.69 & 0.19 \\ \text { Weapons } & 0.83 & 0.70 & 0.13 \\ \text { Public disorder } & 0.92 & 0.85 & 0.12 \end{array} \end{aligned}$$

Allen has been arrested for burglary, Bill has been arrested for a weapons offense, and Charlie has been arrested on a public-disorder charge. Assuming these individuals are typical perpetrators and the decisions regarding their respective fates are unrelated, determine the probability that Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice, as reported in Sam Meddis, "Felony Arrests: Short Terms," USA Today, January 18, 1988, p. 9A.

b. either Allen or Bill (or both) will be convicted.

Identity theft victims. According to The National Crime Victimization Survey (September 2015), published by the U.S. Department of Justice, about $17.6$ million people were victims of identity theft over the past year. This number represents $7 \%$ of all persons age 16 or older in the United States. Of these victims, $86 \%$ reported that the identity theft occurred from the unauthorized use of a credit card. Consider a randomly selected person of age 16 or older in the United States. What is the probability that this person was a victim of identity theft?

Determine whether a probability distribution is given. In those cases where a probability distribution is not described, identify the requirements that are not satisfied. In those cases where a probability distribution is described, find its mean and standard deviation. When randomly selecting a jail inmate convicted of DWI (driving while intoxicated), the probability distribution for the number x of prior DWI sentences is as described in the accompanying table (based on data from the U.S. Department of Justice).

$$\begin{matrix} \text{x} & \text{P(x)}\\ \text{0} & \text{0.512}\\ \text{1} & \text{0.301}\\ \text{2} & \text{0.132}\\ \text{3} & \text{0.055}\\ \end{matrix}$$

Based only on the knowledge that the premerger market share of two firms proposing to merge was $30$ percent each, an economist working for the Justice Department was able to determine that, if approved, the postmerger HHI would increase by $1,800$ . How was the economist able to draw this conclusion without knowledge of the other firms' market shares? From this information, can you devise a general rule explaining how the Herfindahl-Hirschman index is affected when exactly two firms in the market merge? (Hint: Compare $a^2+b^2$ with $[a+b]^2$.)

The Department of Justice estimates that Americans with disabilities have discretionary spending power that is twice that of the teenage market and four times that of $8$- to $12$-year-olds. If so, what fraction of the spending power of people with disabilities is the combined spending power of $8$- to $12$ year-olds and teenagers?

Multiplication and division are inverse operations. In other words, if you know that $x$ is $2$ times $y$, you can find $y$ by dividing $x$ by $2$ . Dividing a number by $2$ is the same as multiplying it by $\frac{1}{2}$.

Many critics have noted the focus on moral concerns in Bernard Malamud's writing. Evelyn Gross Avery writes: "Malamud defines Jewishness as a willingness to honor the Covenant by sacrificing and suffering for freedom and justice. A good Jew assumes responsibility for all the needy, but has a special obligation to his people. A good Jew awakens other to iniquities." How does Avery's comment affect your understanding of Morris Lieberman in "Armistice"?

Fill each blank with the word from the list below that best fits the context.

$$\begin{array}{lllll}\text { circumlocution } & \text { circumspect } & \text { coalesce } & \text { collaborate } & \text { correspond } \\ \text { obliterate } & \text { obstruct } & \text { perplex } & \text { persist } & \text { preclude } \\ \text { preconceive } & \text { prefabricate } & \text { preface } & \text { premature } & \text { premeditate } \\ \text { presume } & \text { preview } & \text { prominent } & \text { prospect } & \text { provoke }\end{array}$$

The defense witness's testimony did not at all ______ with that of the prosecution witness. Was it possibly an attempt to ______ justice?

“Crime Finds the Never Married” is the conclusion drawn in an article from USA Today (June 29, 2001). This conclusion is based on data from the Justice Department’s National Crime Victimization Survey, which estimated the number of violent crimes per 1000 people, 12 years of age or older, to be 51 for the never married, 42 for the divorced or separated, 13 for married individuals, and 8 for the widowed. Does being single cause an increased risk of violent crime? Describe a potential confounding variable that illustrates why it is unreasonable to conclude that a change in marital status causes a change in crime risk.

Identity theft victims. According to The National Crime Victimization Survey (September 2015), published by the U.S. Department of Justice, about $17.6$ million people were victims of identity theft over the past year. This number represents $7 \%$ of all persons age 16 or older in the United States. Of these victims, $86 \%$ reported that the identity theft occurred from the unauthorized use of a credit card. Consider a randomly selected person of age 16 or older in the United States. What is the probability that this person was a victim of identity theft that occurred from the unauthorized use of a credit card?