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Explain the difference between gender roles and gender schemas. How does social learning contribute to the formation of each?

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The term “gender roles” describes the way that society enforces behavioral norms on the basis of perceived gender, whereas “gender schemas” are cognitive frameworks that individuals use to understand gender. The distinction is important-- an individual’s gender schemas may evolve with time and experience (e.g. they may become more accepting of transgender people), though the gender roles of their society remain essentially stable, or vice-a-versa.

Through social learning, most people develop gender schemas that conform to the gender roles of their particular societies. They are rewarded for “correctly” categorizing people, behavior, and objects according to gender (e.g. “Yes, son, toy cars are for boys”), or else punished for “incorrect” categorization (e.g. “No, son, dolls are for girls”).

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