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Explain the development and functioning of B cells.

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B cells arise from stem cells in the bone marrow and they go through two stages of development. The first stage is transformation of stem cells into immature B cells in the liver and bone marrow before birth, and only in the bone marrow in adults. After they mature, inactive B cells enter the blood and go to lymph nodes. The second stage of development is activation of B cells once they come into contact with specific antigens. Activated B cells then divide rapidly into clones of many identical cells. Each clone is made up of plasma cells, that secrete antibodies into the blood, and memory cells that are stored in lymph nodes.

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