Explain why interrupt and dispatch latency times must be bounded in a hard real-time system.

Consider a multicore system and a multithreaded program written using the many-to-many threading model. Let the number of user-level threads in the program be greater than the number of processing cores in the system. Discuss the performance implications of the following scenarios. a. The number of kernel threads allocated to the program is less than the number of processing cores. b. The number of kernel threads allocated to the program is equal to the number of processing cores. c. The number of kernel threads allocated to the program is greater than the number of processing cores but less than the number of user-level threads.

Consider a system running ten I/O-bound task and on CPU-bound task. Assume that the I/O-bound tasks issue an I/O operation once for every millisecond of CPU computing and that each I/O operation takes 10 milliseconds to complete. Also assume that the context-switching overhead is 0.1 millisecond and that all processes are long-running tasks. Describe the CPU utilization for a round-robin scheduler when: a. The time quantum is 1 millisecond b. The time quantum is 10 milliseconds

Suppose that a scheduling algorithm (at the level of short-term CPU scheduling) favors those processes that have used the least processor time in the recent past. Why will this algorithm favor I/O-bound programs and yet not permanently starve CPU-bound programs?

Assume that a system has multiple processing cores. For each of the following scenarios, describe which is a better locking mechanism—a spinlock or a mutex lock where waiting processes sleep while waiting for the lock to become available: · The lock is to be held for a short duration. · The lock is to be held for a long duration. · A thread may be put to sleep while holding the lock.

Distinguish between PCS and SCS scheduling.

Show that, if the wait() and signal() semaphore operations are not executed atomically, then mutual exclusion may be violated.

When a process creates a new process using the fork() operation, which of the following states is shared between the parent process and the child process? a. Stack b. Heap c. Shared memory segments

The height of an object t seconds after it is dropped from a height of 300 meters is

$$s(t)=-4.9 t^2+300 .$$

Use the Mean Value Theorem to verify that at some time during the first 3 seconds of fall, the instantaneous velocity equals the average velocity. Find that time.

An object is dropped from a height of 75 feet. Its height h (in feet) at any time t is given by h = -16t$^{2}$ + 75, where t is measured in seconds. Find the time required for the object to fall to a height of 35 feet.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false. A poem filled with ARCHAIC words might be hard to understand.

The pH of a solution is given by

$$\mathrm { pH } = - \log x,$$

where x represents the concentration of the hydrogen ions in the solution, in moles per liter. Use the formula to solve the exercise. Express answer as powers of 10. Normal, unpolluted rain has a pH of about 5.6. What is the hydrogen ion concentration?

Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. One $\mathit{epigram}$ that applies to hard work is...

Explain why some people may be more vulnerable to foodborne illness than others.