Explain why it can be beneficial to inoculate seeds of crop plants with mycorrhizal fungi.

Explain the process of extracellular digestion that occurs during the growth of $Pilobolus$ mycelia through dung.

Would you describe the association between $Pilobolus$ and cows as a symbiotic relationship? Explain your answer.

Both asexual sporangia and zygosporangia can be found in cow dung. Make a simplified drawing that illustrates the events of plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis that occur during sexual reproduction in $Pilobolus$. Be sure to indicate and label the zygosporangium.

$Pilobolus$ is a zygomycete, and the sporangia just described produce asexual spores. In contrast, which of the following best describes what happens during the sexual phase of its life cycle?

a. It produces eight ascospores in each ascus.
b. It produces basidiospores that grow into mushrooms.
c. It produces motile sperm and eggs.
d. Hyphae from two compatible mating types fuse and form a zygosporangium.

Many mushrooms are extremely colorful. One hypothesis is that the colors serve as a warning to prevent animals from eating mushrooms, much like the bright yellow and black stripes on wasps help to deter potential predators. Design an experiment to test this hypothesis.

The mycelial growth habit leads to a body with a high surface-areato-volume ratio. Why is this important?

a. Mycelia have a large surface area for absorption.
b. The hyphae that make up mycelia are long, thin tubes.
c. Most hyphae are broken up into compartments by walls called septa, although some exist as single, gigantic cells.
d. Hyphae can infiltrate living or dead tissues.

Identify at least three human diseases caused by fungi.

Identify the four types of sexual reproductive structures observed in fungi.

Explain the role of the polar tube in microsporidial infections.

Identify at least three human diseases caused by fungi.

For given of the following sentences, choose the correct unit (milligram, gram, or kilogram) to make it reasonable.
a. A staple has a mass of about 340 _________.
b. A professional football player has a mass of about110 ________.
c. A vitamin tablet has a mass of about 1100 ________.

Identify the treatments or factors and level. A grower wishes to compare three types of fertilizers as they affect crop yield.

The probability of weather-related crop damage during the growing season in a typical year is given by the following table. If the interest rate is 8 percent, what is the expected present worth of crop damage over the next 5 years?

$$\begin{array}{|c|c|} \hline \text { Value of Crop Damage } & \text { Probability } \\ \hline \$ 0 & 60 \% \\ \hline \$ 100,000 & 25 \% \\ \hline \$ 200,000 & 13 \% \\ \hline \$ 300,000 & 2 \% \\ \hline \end{array}$$

a. $57,000

b.$167,000

c. $240,000

d.$285,000