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Explain why the alveoli normally do not fill with fluid.

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Alveoli are tiny, small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles, where the gaseous exchange between the blood and air takes place. Alveoli are thin-walled structures composed of a single layer of epithelial cells. These epithelial cells are tightly joined so that most ions (sodium, chloride, potassium) enter the interstitial space, but fail to enter the alveoli. This helps to maintain a relatively high osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid compared to fluid on the inner alveolar surface. Consequently, osmosis will then move any water that gets into the alveoli back into the interstitial space. Thanks to this mechanism, excess water is kept out from the alveoli.

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