Find the energy to remove (a) one proton and (b) one neutron from a ${ }^{32} \mathrm{~S}$ nucleus. (c) Explain the difference between your answers to parts (a) and (b).

Consider the beta decay ${ }^{10} \mathrm{Be} \rightarrow{ }^{10} \mathrm{~B}+\beta^{-}$, with the beryllium nucleus initially at rest. (c) What are the possible energies of that other particle?

The element oxygen has three naturally occurring isotopes, with 8, 9, and 10 neutrons in the nucleus, respectively. Write the full chemical symbols for these three isotopes.

Natural aluminum is all $_{13}^{27} \mathrm{Al}$. If it absorbs a neutron, what does it become? Does it decay by $\beta^{+}$ or $\beta^{-} ?$ What will be the product nucleus?

What is the energy of the $\alpha$ particle emitted in the decay ${ }^{2104} \mathrm{Po} \rightarrow{ }^{206} \mathrm{~Pb}+\alpha$ ? Take into account the recoil of the daughter nucleus.

A nucleus of 4 neutrons and 4 protons that is surrounded by 2 orbiting electrons is

(a) a positive ion.

(b) a negative ion.

(c ) an alpha particle

(d) a beta particle

In a helium atom, which contains two electrons, do you think that on average the electrons are closer to the nucleus or farther away than in a hydrogen atom? Why?

At what velocity does a proton have a 6.00-fm wavelength (about the size of a nucleus)? Assume the proton is nonrelativistic. (1 femtometer =$10^{-15} \mathrm{m}).$

Match each term on the left with its meaning on the right.

$$\begin{aligned} \text{prone}\qquad \qquad \qquad\quad & \text{a. pertaining to the sole of the foot}\\ &\text{b. tail bone}\\ &\text{c. ventral cavity that contains heart, lungs, and associated structures}\\ &\text{d. toward the surface of the body (external)}\\ &\text{e. lying horizontal with face downward}\\ &\text{f. turning outward}\\ &\text{g. nearer to the center (trunk of the body)}\\ &\text{h. ventral cavity that contains digestive, reproductive, and excretory structures}\\ &\text{i. turning inward or inside out}\\ &\text{j. part of the spine known as the neck}\\ &\text{k. movement toward the median plane}\\ &\text{l. away from the head; toward the tail or lower part of a structure}\\ &\text{m. away from the surface of the body (internal)}\\ &\text{n. part of the spine known as the loin}\\ &\text{o. near the back of the body}\\ \end{aligned}$$

When a nucleus undergoes either $\beta^{-}$ or $\beta^{+}$ decay, what happens to the energy levels of the atomic electrons? What is likely to happen to these electrons following the decay?

Calculate the nuclear binding energy of the nucleus ${ }_{11}^{23} \mathrm{Na}$. The measured atomic mass of $\frac{23}{11} \mathrm{Na}$ is $22.989767$ amu.

Thorium-231 is the product of alpha emission. It is radioactive and emits beta radiation. Determine (a) the parent nucleus of Th-231. (b) the daughter product of Th-231 decay.

Match each term on the left with its meaning on the right.

$$\begin{aligned} \text{abdominopelvic}\qquad \qquad \qquad\quad & \text{a. pertaining to the sole of the foot}\\ &\text{b. tail bone}\\ &\text{c. ventral cavity that contains heart, lungs, and associated structures}\\ &\text{d. toward the surface of the body (external)}\\ &\text{e. lying horizontal with face downward}\\ &\text{f. turning outward}\\ &\text{g. nearer to the center (trunk of the body)}\\ &\text{h. ventral cavity that contains digestive, reproductive, and excretory structures}\\ &\text{i. turning inward or inside out}\\ &\text{j. part of the spine known as the neck}\\ &\text{k. movement toward the median plane}\\ &\text{l. away from the head; toward the tail or lower part of a structure}\\ &\text{m. away from the surface of the body (internal)}\\ &\text{n. part of the spine known as the loin}\\ &\text{o. near the back of the body}\\ \end{aligned}$$

Match each term on the left with its meaning on the right.

$$\begin{aligned} \text{inferior (caudal)}\qquad \qquad \qquad\quad & \text{a. pertaining to the sole of the foot}\\ &\text{b. tail bone}\\ &\text{c. ventral cavity that contains heart, lungs, and associated structures}\\ &\text{d. toward the surface of the body (external)}\\ &\text{e. lying horizontal with face downward}\\ &\text{f. turning outward}\\ &\text{g. nearer to the center (trunk of the body)}\\ &\text{h. ventral cavity that contains digestive, reproductive, and excretory structures}\\ &\text{i. turning inward or inside out}\\ &\text{j. part of the spine known as the neck}\\ &\text{k. movement toward the median plane}\\ &\text{l. away from the head; toward the tail or lower part of a structure}\\ &\text{m. away from the surface of the body (internal)}\\ &\text{n. part of the spine known as the loin}\\ &\text{o. near the back of the body}\\ \end{aligned}$$