For each compound, draw the Lewis structure, determine the geometry using VSEPR theory, determine whether the molecule is polar, identify the hybridization of all interior atoms, and make a sketch of the molecule, according to valence bond theory, showing orbital overlap. a. $COF_2$ (carbon is the central atom) b. $S_2Cl_2 (ClSSCl)$ c. $SF_4$

Lewis's theory is satisfactory to explain bonding in the ionic compound $\mathrm{K}_2 \mathrm{O}$, but it does not readily explain the formation of the ionic compounds potassium superoxide, $\mathrm{KO}_2$, and potassium peroxide, $\mathrm{K}_2 \mathrm{O}_2$ (a) Show that molecular orbital theory can provide this explanation.

In the early twentieth century, what two experiments involving light and matter could not be explained by the wave theory of light?

How does VB theory treat the benzene molecule? (Draw sketches describing the orbital overlaps and the bond angles.)

a. A scientific (theory/law) is a well-tested explanation for a wide range of observations or experimental results. b. Describe one way that laws passed by state legislatures differ from scientific laws. c. Suppose the results of one experiment supported a scientists hypothesis. Could the supported hypothesis be called a theory? Why or why not?

There are 30 students in a mathematics class. 20 of the students have studied probability, 14 have studied set theory, and two people have studied neither. Find the number of students who: a. have studied both topics b. have studied exactly one of these subjects c. have studied set theory, but not probability.

What purpose did Herbert Spencer have in interpreting Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection as "survival of the fittest"?

According to the correspondence principle, (a) new theory must agree with old theory where they overlap. (b) Newton's mechanics is as valid as Einstein's mechanics. (c) relativity equations apply to high speeds while Newton's equations apply to low speeds. (d) special relativity and general relativity are two sides of the same coin.

Using the VSEPR theory, predict the molecular structure of the following polyatomic ions.

b. perchlorate ion, $\mathrm{ClO}_4{ }^{-}$

Apply collision theory to explain why foods usually spoil more slowly when refrigerated than at room temperature.

Earth rotates much faster than Venus. How does the giant impact theory of the Moon account for this fact?

What does the dividend-capture theory imply about the volume of trade in a stock around the ex-dividend day?

What is the neutral theory of molecular evolution as proposed by Kimura (1968)? What determines the frequency of neutral alleles in a population?

Explain why the rotation of Earth could be considered a scientific theory. Use it to explain the motion of stars in the night sky.