For each of the given sentences, underline the pronoun in parentheses that agrees with its antecedent.

Four pints of blood were requested so (they, it) could be used during the emergency surgery.

Patients suffering from cancer must often decide whether to have their tumors treated with surgery or with radiation. A factor in their decision is the 5-year survival rates for these treatments. Surprisingly, it has been found that patients’ decisions often seem to be affected by whether they are told the 5-year survival rates or the 5-year death rates (even though the information content is identical). For instance, in an experiment a group of 200 male prostate cancer patients were randomly divided into two groups of size 100 each. Each member of the first group was told that the 5-year survival rate for those electing surgery was 77 percent, whereas each member of the second group was told that the 5-year death rate for those electing surgery was 23 percent. Both groups were given the same information about radiation therapy. If it resulted that 24 members of the first group and 12 of the second group elected to have surgery, what conclusions would you draw?

Form a conclusion about statistical significance. Do not make any formal calculations. Either use results provided or make subjective judgments about the results.

A study compared surgery and splinting for subjects suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome. It was found that among 73 patients treated with surgery, there was a $92 \%$ success rate. Among 83 patients treated with splints, there was a $72 \%$ success rate. Calculations using those results showed that if there really is no difference in success rates between surgery and splints, then there is about 1 chance in 1000 of getting success rates like the ones obtained in this study.

b. Does the result have statistical significance? Why or why not?

Improve the following sentence by replacing one or more verbs in it with a more effective verb — that is, a more vivid, precise, and active verb. The chief of surgery took the opportunity to thank the volunteers.

Laser surgery. Using a mixture of $\mathrm{CO}_2, \mathrm{~N}_2$, and sometimes $\mathrm{He}, \mathrm{CO}_2$ lasers emit a wavelength of $10.6 \mu \mathrm{m}$. At power outputs of $0.100 \mathrm{~kW}$, such lasers are used for surgery. How many photons per second does a $\mathrm{CO}_2$ laser deliver to the tissue during its use in an operation?

Circle the BEST answer.
Which is true of elective surgery?
a It is done at once.
b The need is sudden and not expected.
c It is scheduled at a later date.
d General anesthesia is always used.

Write the correct answer on the line provided.
Mrs. Garrison had cosmetic surgery that is commonly known as a lid lift. The medical term for this surgical treatment is a/an _____.

C.W. has been on nothing by mouth (NPO) status since the surgery. The attending physician orders total parenteral nutrition (TPN) at a rate of 50 ml/hr
What is the purpose of these orders?

A randomized controlled trial was designed to compare the effectiveness of splinting versus surgery in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Results are given in the table below (based on data from "Splinting vs. Surgery in the Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome," by Gerritsen et al. , Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 288, No. 10). The results are based on evaluations made one year after the treatment. Using a 0.01 significance level, test the claim that success is independent of the type of treatment. What do the results suggest about treating carpal tunnel syndrome?

$$\begin{array} { c c c} & \text { Successful Treatment}&\text{ Unsuccessful Treatment } \\ { \text { Splint Treatment } } &60&23\\ { \text { Surgery Treatment } } & { 67 } & { 6 } \end{array}$$

U.S. insurers' costs for knee replacement surgery range from $\$ 17,627$ to $\$ 25,462$. Estimate the population variance (standard deviation) in cost with $98 \%$ confidence based on a random sample of 10 persons who have had this surgery. The retail costs (for uninsured persons) for the same procedure range from $\$ 40,640$ to $\$ 58,702$. Estimate the population variance and standard deviation in cost with $98 \%$ confidence based on a sample of 10 persons, and compare your two intervals. Assume the variable is normally distributed.

The term _____ describes any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer.
a. atresia
b. cachexia
c. mastication
d. trismus

Can Lasik surgery improve a baseball player's ABILITY to hit the ball? The article "Under the Knife: Frickin' Laser Beams, Part $1^{\text {" }}$ by Will Carroll ${ }^8$ attempts to address this question. After the 2006 season, Cleveland Indians shortstop Jhonny Peralta had Lasik surgery to improve his eyesight. In the four seasons before the surgery, he made contact with the baseball on 4532 of his 6059 swings. In the three seasons after the surgery, he made contact with the baseball on 5897 of his 7593 swings.

a) Make a graphical display to compare these two PERFORMANCES. Is the difference in swings that make contact very large?

b) The $p$-value for a test comparing these two percentages is approximately 0. Interpret this $p$-value and make an appropriate conclusion.

c) Why do you think the $p$-value is so small when the difference in percentages is less than $3 \%$ ?

The painful wrist condition called carpal tunnel syndrome can be treated with surgery or less invasive wrist splints. In September 2002, Time magazine reported on a study of 176 patients. Among the half that had surgery, 80% showed improvement after three months, but only 54% of those who used the wrist splints improved. What's the standard error of the difference in the two proportions?

Circle the BEST answer.
Coughing and deep breathing after surgery prevent
a Bleeding
b A pulmonary embolus
c Respiratory complications
d Pain and discomfort