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Question

Generalized De Morgan's laws for logic: ¬(xP(x))\neg (\forall xP(x)) and x¬P(x)\exists x\neg P(x) have the same truth values. ¬(xP(x))\neg (\exists xP(x)) and x¬P(x)\forall x\neg P(x) have the same truth values.

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De Morgan’s Laws for Qualifiers\textbf{De Morgan's Laws for Qualifiers}:

¬xP(x)x¬P(x)\neg \exists x P(x)\equiv \forall x \neg P(x)

¬xP(x)x¬P(x)\neg \forall x P(x)\equiv \exists x\neg P(x)

Universal quantified statement\textbf{Universal quantified statement} xP(x)\forall x P(x) is true if and only if P(x)P(x) is true for all values of xx in the domain of discourse.

Existential quantified statement\textbf{Existential quantified statement} xP(x)\exists x P(x) is true if and only if there exists at least one element xx in the domain for which P(x)P(x) is true.

Thus the negation of a universal quantified statement of a proposition is the existential quantified statement of the negated proposition and the negation of a existential quantified statement of a proposition is the universal quantified statement of the negated proposition.

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