Give two examples of how genomic studies have altered our understanding of cancers.

How can we ensure that a patient's privacy is maintained as genome information accumulates within medical records? How would you feel about allowing your genome sequence to be available for use in research?

What is the Oncotype DX Assay, and how is it used?

Describe how the drug Herceptin works. What types of gene tests are ordered prior to treatment with Herceptin?

What are the biggest challenges that must be overcome before personalized medicine becomes a routine component of medical care? What do you think is the most difficult of these challenges and why?

In this chapter, we present three case studies that use personalized genomics analysis to predict and treat diseases. Although these cases have shown how personalized medicine may evolve in the future, they have triggered controversy. What are some objections to these types of studies, and how can these objections be addressed?

What is pharmacogenomics, and how does it differ from pharmacogenetics?

English and French are the official languages of Canada. "What is your mother tongue?" ask a Canadian at random. The following is the distribution of responses, which includes many different languages from the Asian/Pacific region as a whole:

(a) What probability should replace "?" in the distribution? (b) What is the probability that a Canadian's mother tongue is not English? Explain how you computed your answer.

Examining Maps Study the map of European exploration on page $34$. How do you think the Crusades assisted the development of the trade routes throughout the European and Asian continents?

Read the paragraph below. Then present the information in a table or graph.

Experts predict that immigration patterns in the United States will have a significant impact on the ethnic and racial makeup of the population. In $1998$, the makeup was as follows: $73 \%$ non-Latino white; $12 \%$ African American; $11 \%$ Latino; and $4 \%$ Asian. By $2050$, the Census Bureau predicts that the population will consist of the following: $53 \%$ non-Latino white; $25 \%$ Latino; 14% African American; and 8% Asian.

Describe studies indicating that the degree of DNA methylation (removal or addition), coupled with changes in trinucleotide repeats, can play a role in mental illness. How have twin studies aided our understanding of the role of DNA methylation in the study of mental illness?

Why are studies of twins important for determining whether a disorder has a biological basis?

What limits the application of GFP for general studies of microbial activity and distribution in the environment?

What are the two subfields into which economics is divided ? Explain what each subfield studies.