How do the microbial communities of higher and lower termite guts differ in composition and degradation of cellulose?

Copy the following expressions on your paper and simplify them by combining like terms. Using algebra tiles may be helpful. $\text { a. } 4 x+2+2 x+x^{2}+x$ $\text { b. } 10 x+4-3+8 x+2$ $\text { c. } 4+x^{2}+3 x+2 x^{2}+4$ $\text { d. } x+4+(x-1)+3+2 x$

Which of the following steps is NOT part of the life cycle of a lytic phage?

A. Phage DNA is injected into the bacterial cell

B. The phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome

C. Many copies of phage DNA are made

D. The phage DNA is transcribed, and mRNA is translated to make capsid proteins

E. All of the above are steps in the lytic life cycle of a phage

How is it possible for aphids to feed only on the carbohydrate-rich but nutrient-poor sap of phloem vessels in plants? Why do symbionts that are transmitted horizontally show less genome reduction, as opposed to the significant genome reduction observed in heritable symbionts?

Compare and contrast the production of a plant tumor by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and a root nodule by a Rhizobium species. In what ways are these structures similar? In what ways are they different? Of what importance are plasmids to the development of both structures? (Sections 22.3 and 22.4)

How do mycorrhizae improve the growth of trees? In what way(s) are the root nodule and mycorrhizal symbioses similar? In what major way do they differ?

How do mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants?

Describe the steps in the development of root nodules on a leguminous plant. What is the nature of the recognition between plant and bacterium and how do Nod factors help control this? How does this compare with recognition in the Agrobacterium– plant system? (Sections 22.3 and 22.4)

What is the evidence that “Chlorochromatium aggregatum” is a stable product of evolution?

How does each of the partners in the lichen symbiosis benefit from the relationship?

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek discover?

What is the wavelength of the most energetic photon that can be emitted from a muonic atom with Z = 1?

The surface of a rock in a flowing stream will often contain a biofilm. What specific advantages could be conferred on bacteria growing in a biofilm compared with growth within the flowing stream?

An electron traveling at $1.2 \times 10^{7} \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{sec}$ combines with an alpha particle to form a singly ionized helium atom. If the electron combined directly into the ground level, find the wavelength of the single photon emitted.