How does RNA polymerase know where to begin transcription? How does it know where to end?

Why are transfer RNAs important in translation? Do genes for tRNAs have promoters, and are tRNAs translated? What are aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, what are their substrates, and what do they do?

How does RNA polymerase know where to start in transcription?

How does RNA polymerase know where to start and stop making a strand of mRNA?

Note three roles of RNA polymerase in transcription.

Find each integral. $\int 5 x \sec 2 x^{2} \tan 2 x^{2} d x$

How are chromosomes and plasmids similar, and how do they differ? What are R plasmids and why are they of medical concern?

List the three main types of RNA.

Describe the central dogma of molecular biology. With regards to DNA, what is supercoiling and what is meant by the terms antiparallel and complementary?

Name two common enzymes that function to incorporate $\mathrm{NH_{3}}$ into the cell. How do their reaction mechanisms differ?

What is the major differences between bacteria that use anaerobic vs aerobic respiration and the difference between the 2 processes?

How is ATP made in fermentation and in respiration? Where in glycolysis is NADH produced, where is it consumed, and why are fermentation products such as ethanol and lactic acid made?

List some of the key electron carriers found in electron transport chains.

What is the proton motive force and how is it generated? How does the proton motive force result in ATP biosynthesis?