How many protons and how many neutrons are there in a nucleus of
(a) neon, $76 \mathrm{Ne}$
(b) zinc, 557 ( $\mathrm{Z}$
(c) silver, ${ }^{10} \mathrm{Ag}$.

Calculate the mass defect for the neon-20 nucleus. The mass of neon-20 is $19.992440 ~u$. (Hint: How many protons and neutrons does neon-20 have?)

Thorium-231 is the product of alpha emission. It is radioactive and emits beta radiation. Determine (a) the parent nucleus of Th-231. (b) the daughter product of Th-231 decay.

Give the number of protons and number of neutrons in the nucleus of each the following: (16.1) a. sodium-25 b. nickel-61 c. rubidium- 84 d. silver-110

Show that the magnetic dipole moment M of an electron orbiting the proton nucleus of a hydrogen atom is related to the orbital momentum $L$ of the electron by

$$M=\frac{e}{2 m} L.$$

An oxygen isotope, ${ }_{8}^{16} \mathrm{O}$, has a nuclear mass of 15.994915 u. a. What is the mass defect of this isotope? b. What is the binding energy of its nucleus?

Determine the symbol ${ }_Z^A \mathrm{X}$ for the parent nucleus whose $\alpha$ decay produces the same daughter as the $\beta^{-}$decay of thallium ${ }_{81}^{208} \mathrm{Tl}$.

Positive and negative charges are attracted to one another. Which of the following are attracted to a negative charge: an electron, a proton, a neutron, a nucleus, an atom? Explain your thinking.

An example of a "pick-up" nuclear reaction is $_{2}^{3} \mathrm{He}+ _{6}^{12} \mathrm{C} \rightarrow \mathrm{X}+\alpha .$ What is the resulting nucleus?

Zinc is an essential nutrient needed by many enzymes to maintain proper cellular function. Zinc is obtained in many dietary sources, including oysters, beans, nuts, whole grains, and sunflower seeds. (a) How many protons and electrons are found in a neutral zinc atom? (b) How many electrons and protons are found in the Zn$^{2+}$ cation?

Give the number of protons and number of neutrons in the nucleus of each of the following: (16.1) a. boron-10 b. zinc-72 c. iron- 59 d. gold-198

Near the surface of the nucleus of a lead atom, the electric field has a strength of $3.4 \times 10^{21} \mathrm{~V} / \mathrm{m}$. What is the energy density in this field?

When a nucleus undergoes either $\beta^{-}$ or $\beta^{+}$ decay, what happens to the energy levels of the atomic electrons? What is likely to happen to these electrons following the decay?

In a helium atom, which contains two electrons, do you think that on average the electrons are closer to the nucleus or farther away than in a hydrogen atom? Why?