How would you describe this flower?

How is an alternation of generations different in ferns and pines?

Compare and contrast the alternation of generations in mosses, ferns, and pines.

What does the term gymnosperm mean? Is this term an appropriate description? Explain your answer.

a. Based on your knowledge of reproduction in bryophytes (Exercise 28) and ferns (Exercise 29), is the presence of flagellated sperm in cycads surprising? Why or why not? b. Is the possession of flagellated sperm a primitive or advanced characteristic in the plant kingdom? Why?

Draw three fruits (including one dry fruit) that you observed in the lab. Describe a probable method for the dispersal of each.

a. How are needles (i.e., leaves) arranged? b. How many leaves are in a bundle? c. How are pine leaves different from those of broadleaved trees such as maples and oaks? d. Why are pines called evergreens? e. What other plants have you studied in the lab that are evergreen? f. What is the function of each of the structures labeled in figure 30.7? g. How do the structural features of pine leaves adapt the tree for life in dry environments?

How are ferns and fern allies similar to and different from bryophytes? What are the implications of these similarities and differences?

a. Why is it important that decomposers such as bacteria release nutrients? b. What term best describes heterotrophic bacteria that feed on living tissue?

Diagram the life cycle of a moss, indicating which stages are sporophytic and which are gametophytic. Also, indicate where meiosis and syngamy occur.

Diagram the life cycle of a liverwort, indicating which stages are sporophytic and which are gametophytic.

a. Like bryophytes, ferns require water for fertilization. Why? Explain your answer. b. What are the primary functions (e.g. support, transport, photosynthesis, reproduction) of the major organs shown in fig. 29.1?

Explain the following on the basis of the behavior of atoms and/or ions. $\mathrm { CO } _ { 2 } ( s )$ (dry ice) does not have a normal boiling point under normal atmospheric conditions, even though $\mathrm { CO } _ { 2 }$ is a liquid in fire extinguishers.

a. How would you describe the branching pattern of Psilotum? b. Are any roots present? c. Are any leaves present? d. Where are the sporangia? e. Where does photosynthesis occur in Psilotum?