Briefly describe each of the following ideas or phenomena:
(b) ideal and non ideal solution;

Briefly describe each of the following ideas or phenomena:
(c) recrystallization;

Briefly describe each of the following ideas or phenomena:
(b) freezing-point depression

Briefly describe each of the following ideas or phenomena:
(a) Henry's law;

In your own words, define or explain the following terms or symbols:
(e) activity.

In your own words, define or explain the following terms or symbols:
(d) $i$

In your own words, define or explain the following terms or symbols:
(c) $K_{\text {f }}$;

In your own words, define or explain the following terms or symbols:
(b) $P_{\mathrm{A}}^*$;

In your own words, define or explain the following terms or symbols:
(a) $x_{\mathrm{B}} ;$

Every year, oral rehydration therapy (ORT) - the feeding of an electrolyte solution-saves the lives of countless children worldwide who become severely dehydrated as a result of diarrhea. One requirement of the solution used is that it be isotonic with human blood.
(b) Use the freezing-point definition from part (a) to show that an ORT solution containing $3.5 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{NaCl}$, $1.5 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{KCl}, 2.9 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{Na}_3 \mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_5 \mathrm{O}_7$ (sodium citrate), and $20.0 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_6$ (glucose) per liter meets the requirement of being isotonic. [Hint: Which of the solutes are nonelectrolytes, and which are strong electrolytes?]

Every year, oral rehydration therapy (ORT) - the feeding of an electrolyte solution-saves the lives of countless children worldwide who become severely dehydrated as a result of diarrhea. One requirement of the solution used is that it be isotonic with human blood.
(a) One definition of an isotonic solution given in the text is that it has the same osmotic pressure as $0.92 \% \mathrm{NaCl}($ aq) (mass/volume). Another definition is that the solution has a freezing point of $-0.52^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Show that these two definitions are in a reasonably close agreement given that we are using solution concentrations rather than activities.

The laboratory device pictured on the following page is called a desiccator. It can be used to maintain a constant relative humidity within an enclosure. The material(s) used to control the relative humidity are placed in the bottom compartment, and the substance is subjected to a controlled relative humidity placed on the platform in the container.
(c) To maintain $\mathrm{CaCl}_2 \cdot 6 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}$ (s) in the dry state in a desiccator, should the substance in the saturated solution in the bottom compartment be one with a high or a low water solubility? Explain.

The laboratory device pictured on the following page is called a desiccator. It can be used to maintain a constant relative humidity within an enclosure. The material(s) used to control the relative humidity are placed in the bottom compartment, and the substance is subjected to a controlled relative humidity placed on the platform in the container.
(b) If the material placed on the platform is dry $\mathrm{CaCl}_2 \cdot 6 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{s})$, will the solid deliquesce? Explain.

The laboratory device pictured on the following page is called a desiccator. It can be used to maintain a constant relative humidity within an enclosure. The material(s) used to control the relative humidity are placed in the bottom compartment, and the substance is subjected to a controlled relative humidity placed on the platform in the container.
(a) If the material in the bottom compartment is a saturated solution of $\mathrm{NaCl}(\mathrm{aq})$ in contact with $\mathrm{NaCl}(\mathrm{s})$, what will be the approximate relative humidity in the container at a temperature of $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$? Obtain the solubility of $\mathrm{NaCl}$ and vapor pressure data for water from Table 12.5; use the definition of Raoult's law from page 660 and that of relative humidity from Focus On 6-1: Earth's Atmosphere; assume that the $\mathrm{NaCl}$ is completely dissociated into its ions.