Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance.

Mansa M$\tilde{u}$s$\tilde{a}$

Discuss the significance of tiny variations ("ripples") in the cosmic background radiation.

Identify and explain the significance:

Sargon

Hammurabi

Nebuchadnezar

Cyrus

Zoroaster

Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance:

Johannes Gutenberg

Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance:

Mustafa Kemal

Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance:

Hideki Tojo

Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance:

Nikita Khrushchev

Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance:

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance:

Louis XIV

Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance:

Hsuan-yeh

Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance:

Yury Gagarin

Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance:

Rachel Carson

Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance:

Adam Smith

Define and explain the significance:

haciendas

peninsulares

creoles

mestizos

mulattoes