Identify the position of Earth in relation to the sun that causes winter in the Northern Hemisphere.

Understanding Relationships How can it be that Earth is at perihelion during wintertime in the Northern Hemisphere?

Explain why today's calendars have leap years.

Summarize how movements of Earth provide a basis for measuring time.

Describe two lines of evidence that indicate that Earth is rotating.

Do the stars that make up constellations change their position over time? How might this change the shape of the constellation?

Human space exploration is expensive and dangerous. Explain why NASA should or should not continue doing it.

Using the development of reflecting telescopes as an example, explain how scientific inquiry leads to advances in technology.

Identify two examples of space telescopes and two examples of space probes.

Explain how a radio telescope differs from an optical telescope.

Compare reflecting telescopes and refracting telescopes.

Explain how astronomers use electromagnetic radiation to study space.

Identify the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, both visible and invisible.

Describe characteristics of the universe in terms of time, distance, and organization.