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The Clean Air Act prohibited the production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the United States as of 1996. One widely used CFC, refrigerant R-12, has been replaced by R-134a in many applications because of their similar properties, including a low boiling point at atmospheric pressure, Tsat=243KT_{\mathrm{sat}}=243 \mathrm{K} and 246.9 K for R-12 and R-134a, respectively.

Compare the performance of these two refrigerants under the following conditions. The saturated refrigerant vapor at 310 K is condensed as it flows through a 30-mm diameter, 0.8-m-long tube whose wall temperature is maintained at 290 K. If vapor enters the tube at a flow rate of 0.010 kg/s, what is the rate of condensation and the flow rate of vapor leaving the tube?

The relevant properties of R-12 at Tsat=310KT_{\mathrm{sat}}=310 \mathrm{K} are ρv=50.1kg/m3\rho_{v}=50.1 \mathrm{kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}, hfg=160kJ/kgh_{f g}=160 \mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{kg}, and μv=150×107Ns/m2\mu_{v}=150 \times 10^{-7} \mathrm{N} \cdot \mathrm{s} / \mathrm{m}^{2} and those of liquid R-12 at Tf=300KT_{f}=300 K are ρl=1306kg/m3\rho_{l}=1306 \mathrm{kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}, cp,l=978J/kgK,μl=2.54×104Ns/m2c_{p, l}=978 \mathrm{J} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot \mathrm{K}, \mu_{l}=2.54 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{N} \cdot \mathrm{s} / \mathrm{m}^{2}, kl=0.072W/mKk_{l}=0.072 \mathrm{W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}.

The properties of the saturated R-134a vapor are ρv=46.1,kg/m3,hfg=166kJ/kg\rho_{v}=46.1, \mathrm{kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}, h_{f g}=166 \mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{kg}, and μv=136×107Ns/m2\mu_{v}=136 \times 10^{-7} \mathrm{N} \cdot \mathrm{s} / \mathrm{m}^{2}.

Question

Identify the type I error and the type II error that correspond to the given hypothesis. The proportion of car crashes occurring less than a mile from home is 0.23.

Solution

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Recall that by definition:

Type I Error: The mistake of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true. Type II Error: The mistake of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false.

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