Identify the type of sampling (random, systematic, convenience, stratified, cluster) used when a sample of the 637,133 stockholders is obtained as described. Then determine whether the sampling scheme is likely to result in a sample that is representative of the population of all 637,133 stockholders.

d. A computer file of all IBM stockholders is compiled so that they are all numbered consecutively, then random numbers generated by the computer are used to select the sample of stockholders.

Employ critical thinking to develop an alternative or correct conclusion. For example, consider a media report that BMW cars cause people to be healthier. Here is an alternative conclusion: Owners of BMW cars tend to be wealthier than others, and greater wealth is associated with better health.

Data published in USA Today were used to show that there is a correlation between the number of times songs are played on radio stations and the number of times the songs are purchased. Conclusion: Increasing the times that songs are played on radio stations causes sales to increase.

Decide whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter:

Among the Senators in the current Congress, $44 \%$ are Democrats.

In the study of the Weight Watchers weight loss program from the mentioned exercise, subjects were found using the method described as follows: "We recruited study candidates from the Greater Boston area using newspaper advertisements and television publicity." Is the sample a voluntary response sample? Why or why not?

The given expression is part of a calculation employed to study the relationship between the colors of motorcycle helmets and injuries. Round the result to four decimal places.

$$\frac{(491-513.174)^2}{513.174}$$

True or false: Eye colors are an example of ordinal data.

A Gallup poll surveyed 1018 adults by telephone, and $22 \%$ of them reported that they smoked cigarettes within the past week.

The computer giant IBM has 329,373 employees and 637,133 stockholders. A vice president plans to conduct a survey to study the number of shares held by individual stockholders.

e. What is wrong with gauging stockholder views about employee benefits by mailing a questionnaire that IBM stockholders could complete and mail back?

The computer giant IBM has 329,373 employees and 637,133 stockholders. A vice president plans to conduct a survey to study the number of shares held by individual stockholders.

d. If a sample of 1000 stockholders is obtained, and the average (mean) number of shares is calculated for this sample, is the result a statistic or a parameter?

The computer giant IBM has 329,373 employees and 637,133 stockholders. A vice president plans to conduct a survey to study the number of shares held by individual stockholders.

c. If the survey is conducted by telephoning 20 randomly selected stockholders in each of the 50 United States, what type of sampling (random, systematic, convenience, stratified, cluster) is being used?

The computer giant IBM has 329,373 employees and 637,133 stockholders. A vice president plans to conduct a survey to study the number of shares held by individual stockholders.

b. Identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) for the number of shares held by stockholders.

The computer giant IBM has 329,373 employees and 637,133 stockholders. A vice president plans to conduct a survey to study the number of shares held by individual stockholders.

a. Are the numbers of shares held by stockholders discrete or continuous?

The given expression is used to determine the size of the sample necessary to estimate the proportion of adults who have cell phones.

$$\left[\frac{1.96 \cdot 0.25}{0.01}\right]^2$$

Use critical thinking to develop an alternative conclusion. For example, consider a media report that BMW cars cause people to be healthy, because people who drive BMW cars are found to have better health than those who do not. The conclusion that BMW cars cause better health is probably wrong. Here is a better conclusion: BMW drivers tend to he wealthier than other adults, and greater wealth is associated with better health. Based on a study showing that college graduates tend to live longer than those who do not graduate from college, a researcher concludes that studying causes people to live longer.