Identify ways in which aerobes avoid damage by toxic forms of oxygen

Explain how microorganisms are preserved by deep-freezing and lyophilization (freeze-drying).

Name a use for each of the four elements (carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus) needed in large amounts for microbial growth.

Define microbiology and microorganisms, and identify the major organisms included in the science of microbiology.

Name a use for each of the four elements (carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus) needed in large amounts for microbial growth.

Why might primitive civilizations have used food preservation techniques that rely on osmotic pressure?

Other than controlling acidity, what is an advantage of using phosphate salts as buffers in growth media?

Why is it unlikely that hyperthermophiles with growth temperature optima $\gt$ 100$\degree$C would reside in terrestrial hot springs?

Identify how and why the pH of culture media is controlled.

Explain the importance of osmotic pressure to microbial growth.

Explain the importance of osmotic pressure to microbial growth.

Describe how pure cultures can be isolated by using the streak plate method.

Classify microbes into five groups on the basis of preferred temperature range.

Define colony.