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If 0 L M N 0 is an exact sequence of R-modules, prove that the localization is nonzero if and only if one of the localizations and is nonzero and deduce that
In particular, if
prove that
Solution
VerifiedSuppose is non-zero. If and are both zero the exactness of the sequence and the preservation of exactness by localization () would imply that , a contradiction. Therefore at least one of the and must be non-zero.
Assume that at least one of the and is non-zero, then by the exactness of the sequence would imply that is non-zero.
The first implication implies that , and the second implication implies . Therefore .
We have that the obvious morphisms is an exact sequence. Therefore the conclusion follows by the previous observation andinduction on .
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