If the shortest-wavelength bremsstrahlung X-rays emitted from an X-ray tube have $\lambda=0.030 \mathrm{nm},$ what is the voltage across the tube?

Measurements indicate that an atom remains in an excited state for an average time of 50.0 ns before making a transition to the ground state with the simultaneous emission of a 2.1-eV photon. (a) Estimate the uncertainty in the frequency of the photon. (b) What fraction of the photon’s average frequency is this?

Knowing that the minimum x-ray wavelength produced by 40.0 keV electrons striking a target is 31.1 pm, determine the Planck constant h.

A tungsten target is struck by electrons that have been accelerated from rest through a 40.0-keV potential difference. Find the shortest wavelength of the radiation emitted.

A photon is incident on an electron at rest. The scattered photon has a wavelength of 2.81 pm and moves at an angle of $29.5 ^ { \circ }$ with respect to the direction of the incident photon. (a) What is the wavelength of the incident photon? (b) What is the final kinetic energy of the electron?

After a 0.800-nm x-ray photon scatters from a free electron, the electron recoils at $1.40 \times 106$ m/s. What is the Compton shift in the photon’s wavelength?