In 1927 , the ophthalmologist George Waaler tested 9049 schoolboys in Oslo, Norway, for red-green color blindness and found 8324 of them to be normal and 725 to be color blind. He also tested 9072 schoolgirls and found 9032 that had normal color vision while 40 were color blind.

a. Assuming that the same sex-linked recessive allele $c$ causes all forms of red-green color blindness, calculate the allele frequencies of $c$ and $C$ (the allele for normal vision) from the data for the schoolboys. (Hint: Refer to your answer to Problem 12a.)

b. Does Waaler's sample demonstrate Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for alleles of this gene? Explain your answer by describing observations that are either consistent or inconsistent with this hypothesis. On closer analysis of these schoolchildren, Waaler found that there was actually more than one $c$ allele causing color blindness in his sample: one kind for the prot type $\left(c^p\right)$ and one for the deuter type $\left(c^d\right)$. (Protanopia and deuteranopia are slightly different forms of red-green color blindness.) Importantly, some of the apparently normal females in Waaler's studies were probably of genotype $c^p / c^d$. Through further analysis of the 40 color-blind females, he found that 3 were prot $\left(c^p / c^p\right)$, and 37 were deuter $\left(c^d / c^d\right)$.

c. Based on this new information, what are the frequencies of the $c^p, c^d$, and $C$ alleles in the population examined by Waaler? Calculate these values as if the frequencies obey the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. (Note: Again, refer to your answer to Problem 12a.)

d. Calculate the frequencies of all genotypes expected among men and women if the population is at equilibrium.

e. Do these results make it more likely or less likely that the population in Oslo is indeed at equilibrium for red-green color blindness? Explain your reasoning.

Expectant parents are thrilled to hear their unborn baby’s heartbeat, revealed by an ultrasonic motion detector. Suppose the fetus’s ventricular wall moves in simple harmonic motion with amplitude 1.80 mm and frequency 115 beats per minute. The motion detector in contact with the mother’s abdomen produces sound at precisely 2 MHz, which travels through tissue at 1.50 km/s. Find the maximum linear speed of the heart wall.

A newly issued bond pays its coupons once a year. Its coupon rate is 5%, its maturity is 20 years, and its yield to maturity is 8%. What is the after-tax holding-period return on the bond?

Is the limit of f (x) as x approaches c always equal to f (c)? Why or why not?

By what process is a prisoner granted parole?

Calculate:

$$\frac{13}{18}\cdot\frac{25}{7}\cdot\frac{18}{13}$$

How might an apple and an onion taste to you when your nose is congested? Explain why.

The trachea divides into right and left ______.

Graph the equation. Label the points where the line crosses the axes. y = x - 2

Confirm that a triangle with side lengths of 5, 4, and 3 units is a counterexample to this statement. If a triangle has no congruent sides, then it is obtuse or acute.

A particular myelinated axon has nodes spaced 0.80 mm apart. The resistance between nodes is $20 \mathrm{M\Omega}$; the capacitance of each insulated segment is 1.2 pF. What is the conduction speed of a nerve impulse along this axon?

It is the year 1998, and the men and women sailors (in equal numbers) on the American ship the Medischol Bounty have mutinied in the South Pacific and settled on the island of Bali Hai, where they have come into contact with the local Polynesian population. Of the 400 sailors that come ashore on the island, 324 have MM blood type, 4 have the NN blood type, and 72 have the MN blood type. Already on the island are 600 Polynesians between the ages of 19 and 23. In the Polynesian population, the allele frequency of the M allele is 0.06, and the allele frequency of the N allele is 0.94. No other people come to the island over the next 10 years.

a. What is the allele frequency of the N allele in the sailor population that mutinied?

b. It is the year 2008, and 1000 children have been born on the island of Bali Hai. If the mixed population of 1000 young people on the island in 1998 mated randomly and the different blood group phenotypes had no effect on viability, how many of the 1000 children would you expect to have MN blood type?

c. In fact, 50 children have MM blood type, 850 have MN blood type, and 100 have NN blood type. What is the observed frequency of the N allele among the children?

Find the inverse of the matrix

$$\left[ \begin{array}{ll}{2} & {3} \\ {3} & {5}\end{array}\right]$$

.

What factors influence the population structure of Northern Europe?