In $1992$, the U.S. Supreme Court decided the case of Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey. As a result of that case, a woman continues to have a right to an abortion before the fetus is viable (before the fetus could live independently outside the mother's womb). After fetal viability, however, states have increased power to restrict the availability of abortions. The state maintains the power to restrict some abortions because of its legitimate interests in protecting the health of the woman and the potential life of the fetus.

States can pass some laws that regulate abortion, but these laws cannot place a "substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion," the Court said in the Casey decision. However, the Court declined to define specifically what constitutes a substantial obstacle. This decision held that regulations were constitutional if they did not place an "undue burden" on obtaining an abortion. For example, the decision allowed a regulation that requires a woman to give "informed consent" at least $24$ hours before the planned abortion takes place.

Which of the following laws, if any, would place an undue burden on the right to obtain an abortion? Give reasons for each answer.

A state law requires a $24$-hour waiting period between the time of the woman's decision to have the abortion and the actual procedure.

What was the most important accomplishment of the Annapolis Convention?

Why was a convention convened at Annapolis in 1786?

Why was the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution?

In $1992$, the U.S. Supreme Court decided the case of Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey. As a result of that case, a woman continues to have a right to an abortion before the fetus is viable (before the fetus could live independently outside the mother's womb). After fetal viability, however, states have increased power to restrict the availability of abortions. The state maintains the power to restrict some abortions because of its legitimate interests in protecting the health of the woman and the potential life of the fetus.

States can pass some laws that regulate abortion, but these laws cannot place a "substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion," the Court said in the Casey decision. However, the Court declined to define specifically what constitutes a substantial obstacle. This decision held that regulations were constitutional if they did not place an "undue burden" on obtaining an abortion. For example, the decision allowed a regulation that requires a woman to give "informed consent" at least $24$ hours before the planned abortion takes place.

Which of the following laws, if any, would place an undue burden on the right to obtain an abortion? Give reasons for each answer.

A poor woman is unable to obtain an abortion because her state does not provide public funds to cover such a medical procedure.

A general journal, a cash receipts journal, selected accounts receivable, general ledger accounts, and an aging of accounts receivable for Sing Industries are given in the Working Papers.

Instructions:

2. Prove the cash receipts journal. Post the total of the Accounts Receivable Credit column to the general ledger.

Transactions:

Dec. 3. Wrote off Patel Corporation's past-due account as uncollectible, $498.25. M243.
     4. Received cash from Industrial Fittings for the maturity value of NRS, a 90-day, 8% note for$5,000.00. R889.
     6. Received cash in full payment of Banda Company's account, previously written off as uncollectible, $1,548.25. M244 and R890.
    10. Broyles Industries dishonored NR6, a 90-day, 8% note, for$4,800.00. M245.
    14. Wrote off Murrell, lnc.'s past-due account as uncollectible, $1,645.00. M246.
    18. Accepted a 120-day, 8% note from Maples Corporation for an extension of time on its account,$4,500.00. NR10.
    21. Received cash from Cochran Metals for the maturity value of NR7, a 120-day, 9% note for $4,000.00. R891.

In $2001$ a police department distributed pagers to its SWAT officers. The officers were told that they were for official use and that only light personal use would be tolerated. After an officer exceeded the monthly texting limit of the pagers, the department requested a log of the texts to see if they needed to increase their text limit. In reviewing the log, they found many sexually explicit texts and very few work-related texts and disciplined the officer. The officer then sued the city for violating his Fourth Amendment rights.

Does it matter, for the purposes of determining whether the search was reasonable, that the police department reviewed the texts in order to determine whether they needed to upgrade their texting limits ? Explain.

In $2001$ a police department distributed pagers to its SWAT officers. The officers were told that they were for official use and that only light personal use would be tolerated. After an officer exceeded the monthly texting limit of the pagers, the department requested a log of the texts to see if they needed to increase their text limit. In reviewing the log, they found many sexually explicit texts and very few work-related texts and disciplined the officer. The officer then sued the city for violating his Fourth Amendment rights.

Did the officer have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the texts that he sent on his work pager ? Explain.

In $2001$ a police department distributed pagers to its SWAT officers. The officers were told that they were for official use and that only light personal use would be tolerated. After an officer exceeded the monthly texting limit of the pagers, the department requested a log of the texts to see if they needed to increase their text limit. In reviewing the log, they found many sexually explicit texts and very few work-related texts and disciplined the officer. The officer then sued the city for violating his Fourth Amendment rights.

The Fourth Amendment protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures by the government. What was the alleged search or seizure in this case ?

In what ways, if any, do you see new technologies interfering with the privacy interests of individuals ? Is there a need for legislative or judicial action to provide greater protection of privacy ? Explain.

A married male state senator running for governor had a reputation for dating women in the state's capital city. The candidate's wife and two children lived in their hometown about $200$ miles from the state capital. The members of the press who traveled with the senator on campaign trips noticed that his wife seldom came along and that he often dined late at night with one particular woman. The press decided to investigate further and discovered this woman leaving the candidate's hotel room one morning.

Some states have laws requiring that a political candidate reveal the source and amount of all campaign contributions. Do these laws violate the privacy rights of the contributors?

A married male state senator running for governor had a reputation for dating women in the state's capital city. The candidate's wife and two children lived in their hometown about $200$ miles from the state capital. The members of the press who traveled with the senator on campaign trips noticed that his wife seldom came along and that he often dined late at night with one particular woman. The press decided to investigate further and discovered this woman leaving the candidate's hotel room one morning.

Suppose a reporter also had information that the candidate used cocaine at a social gathering. Would you analyze his privacy rights differently in this situation? Explain your reasons.

The Owasso School District in Oklahoma does not have a formal policy telling teachers how student work is to be graded. Some teachers grade all assignments themselves, while others have students grade some of their own papers after the answers are provided. Still others use peer grading from time to time. This means that students exchange papers and grade each other's work from answers provided.

Mrs. Falvo has four children in the school system. She believes that peer grading humiliates her children and is a violation of their right to privacy under the federal Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of $1974$ (FERPA). The school system believes that peer grading provides immediate feedback to students and avoids the problem of`students cheating when they grade their own papers. The school system also contends that peer grading is done for the individual teacher and not for the school system, which does not maintain these educational records (i.e., grades for specific assignments during a semester). Mrs. Falvo wins her case in the lower courts, and the U.S. Supreme Court agrees to review the case in order to decide how FERPA applies to peer grading.

How should this case be decided ? Explain.

The Owasso School District in Oklahoma does not have a formal policy telling teachers how student work is to be graded. Some teachers grade all assignments themselves, while others have students grade some of their own papers after the answers are provided. Still others use peer grading from time to time. This means that students exchange papers and grade each other's work from answers provided.

Mrs. Falvo has four children in the school system. She believes that peer grading humiliates her children and is a violation of their right to privacy under the federal Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of $1974$ (FERPA). The school system believes that peer grading provides immediate feedback to students and avoids the problem of`students cheating when they grade their own papers. The school system also contends that peer grading is done for the individual teacher and not for the school system, which does not maintain these educational records (i.e., grades for specific assignments during a semester). Mrs. Falvo wins her case in the lower courts, and the U.S. Supreme Court agrees to review the case in order to decide how FERPA applies to peer grading.

Must the Court decide that a grade on an assignment is part of a student's school record in order for the Falvo case to be upheld?