In order to vaccinate people against diseases by having them eat antigens (such as the cholera toxin) or antibodies expressed in an edible vaccine, the antigen must reach the cells of the small intestine. What are some potential problems of this method?

Would you donate your DNA to a research project designed to discover the genetic links to certain cancers? If not, why not? If so, what privacy assurances would you need to make you comfortable about your donation?

Is it important that the cloned gene becomes part of a chromosome when inserted into a cell?

Would you donate your DNA to a research project designed to discover the genetic links to certain cancers? If not, why not? If so, what privacy assurances would you need to make you comfortable about your donation?

In this chapter, we focused on a number of interesting applications of genetic engineering, genomics, and biotechnology. At the same time, we found many opportunities to consider the methods and reasoning by which much of this information was acquired. From the explanations given in the chapter, what answers would you propose to the following fundamental questions:
(a) What experimental evidence confirms that we have introduced a useful gene into a transgenic organism and that it performs as we anticipate?
(b) How can we use DNA analysis to determine that a human fetus has sickle-cell anemia?
(c) How can DNA microarray analysis be used to identify specific genes that are being expressed in a specific tissue?
(d) How are GWAS carried out, and what information do they provide?
(e) What are some of the technical reasons why gene therapy is difficult to carry out effectively?

Use the following choices to answer question.
a. direct fluorescent antibody
b. indirect fluorescent antibody
c. rabies immune globulin
d. killed rabies virus
e. none of the above
Test used to detect the presence of antibodies in a patient’s serum.

Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about cell-mediated immunity.
a. It is a defence against the body's own cells.
b. It involves killer T cells.
c. It involves antibodies.
d. It causes pathogen cells to rupture and die.

One role of T cells in the immune response is to

$$\textbf{\ \ a.}\text{ secrete antibodies.}$$

$$\textbf{\ \ b.}\text{ secrete histamine.}$$

$$\textbf{\ \ c.}\text{ produce antigens.}$$

$$\textbf{\ \ d.}\text{ directly attack infected cells.}$$

Circle the correct term(s) in boldface to complete each sentence.

Drugs used to treat AIDS are (immunosuppressants, protease inhibitors, interferons). Other anti-AIDS drugs are (reverse transcriptase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, immunoglobulins).

Choose the best answer.

Vaccines are

a. the same as monoclonal antibodies.

b. treated bacteria or viruses, or one of their proteins.

c. short-lived.

d. MHC proteins.

e. All of these are correct.

Using Antibodies to Probe Structure-Function Relationships in Proteins A monoclonal antibody binds to $\mathrm{G}$-actin but not to $\mathrm{F}$-actin. What does this tell you about the epitope recognized by the antibody?

a. Describe two differences between B and T lymphocytes. b. Where is IgG found in the body? c. Which lymphocyte has a role in both cell-mediated and humoral immunity? d. Describe the development of antibodies to a specific antigen.

Antibodies are well suited for recognizing extracellular substances from invading bacteria and viruses. However, the immune system must also be able to respond to intracellular infections. Explain why the immune system includes binding proteins that recognize F-actin.

A similarity between antibodies and enzymes is that both (1) are lipids (2) are produced by liver cells (3) can make blood vessels dilate (4) have very specific shapes and functions