In which position-sitting, lying down, or standing-is the blood pressure normally highest? Lowest? Explain why.

Trace a drop of blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the wrist of the right hand and back to the heart. Now trace it to the dorsum of the right foot and back to the right heart.

In a fetus, the liver and lungs are almost entirely bypassed by blood. Why is this? Name the vessel that bypasses the liver. Name two lung bypasses. Three vessels travel in the umbilical cord; which of these carries oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood?

In a fetus, the liver and lungs are almost entirely bypassed by blood. Why is this? Name the vessel that bypasses the liver. Name two lung bypasses. Three vessels travel in the umbilical cord; which of these carries oxygen and nutrient-rich blood?

Arteries are often described as vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood, and veins are said to carry oxygen-poor (carbon dioxide–rich) blood. Name two sets of exceptions to this rule that were discussed in this chapter.

Mr. Grimaldi was previously diagnosed as having a posterior pituitary tumor that causes hypersecretion of ADH. He comes to the clinic regularly to have his blood pressure checked. Would you expect his blood pressure to be chronically elevated or depressed? Why?